{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T18:56:59Z","timestamp":1781895419697,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Many therapeutic advances over the last two decades have led to an improvement in the survival of patients with metastatic PC, yet the majority of these patients still succumb to their disease. Antiagiogenic therapies have shown substantial benefits for many types of cancer but only a marginal benefit for PC. Ongoing clinical trials investigate antiangiogenic monotherapies or combination therapies. Despite the important role of angiogenesis in PC, clinical trials in refractory castration-resistant PC (CRPC) have demonstrated increased toxicity with no clinical benefit. A better understanding of the mechanism of angiogenesis may help to understand the failure of trials, possibly leading to the development of new targeted anti-angiogenic therapies in PC. These could include the identification of specific subsets of patients who might benefit from these therapeutic strategies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the pathways involved in the angiogenesis, the chemotherapeutic agents with antiangiogenic activity, the available studies on anti-angiogenic agents and the potential mechanisms of resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T23:34:11Z","timestamp":1631662451000},"page":"9926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenic Treatment in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Molecular Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Ioannidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Rd., London SW10 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Moschetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5402-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidrah","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham, Kent ME7 5NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack Steven","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham, Kent ME7 5NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Akif","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Sisli Memorial Hospital, Kaptan Pa\u015fa Mah. Piyale Pa\u015fa Bulv., Okmeydan\u0131 Cd. 4, Istanbul 34384, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5227-9806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Pappas-Gogos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45111 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matin","family":"Sheriff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham, Kent ME7 5NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7906-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elie","family":"Rassy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Institut, 94805 Villejuif, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2512-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergios","family":"Boussios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham, Kent ME7 5NY, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"},{"name":"AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comp\u00e9rat, E., Wasinger, G., Oszwald, A., Kain, R., Cancel-Tassin, G., and Cussenot, O. 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