{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:01:45Z","timestamp":1790841705153,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transmissible respiratory disease COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected millions of people worldwide since its first reported outbreak in December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Since then, multiple studies have shown an inverse correlation between the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and the severity of COVID-19, with low HDL levels being associated with an increased risk of severe outcomes. Some studies revealed that HDL binds to SARS-CoV-2 particles via the virus\u2019s spike protein and, under certain conditions, such as low HDL particle concentrations, it facilitates SARS-CoV-2 binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and infection of host cells. Other studies, however, reported that HDL suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection. In both cases, the ability of HDL to enhance or suppress virus infection appears to be dependent on the expression of the HDL receptor, namely, the Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1 (SR-B1), in the target cells. SR-B1 and HDL represent crucial mediators of cholesterol metabolism. Herein, we review the complex role of HDL and SR-B1 in SARS-CoV-2-induced disease. We also review recent advances in our understanding of HDL structure, properties, and function during SARS-CoV-2 infection and the resulting COVID-19 disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T22:24:13Z","timestamp":1632695053000},"page":"10182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Good Cholesterol Gone Bad? HDL and COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"George E. G.","family":"Kluck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Ah","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel H.","family":"Sakarya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo L.","family":"Trigatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15562-9","article-title":"Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5471","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"251","author":"Bourgonje","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021, August 27). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15369","article-title":"Understanding SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis for COVID-19 drug repurposing","volume":"287","author":"Glebov","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.04.022","article-title":"A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential for Infection of Human Lung Cells","volume":"78","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01248-09","article-title":"Differential Downregulation of ACE2 by the Spike Proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Human Coronavirus NL63","volume":"84","author":"Glowacka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0074-x","article-title":"High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2357","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and activity in human carotid atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"215","author":"Sluimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa078","article-title":"The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14479","article-title":"Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Kochi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa311","article-title":"Cell type-specific expression of the putative SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in human hearts","volume":"41","author":"Nicin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa410","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 expression in the human heart: Cause of a post-pandemic wave of heart failure?","volume":"41","author":"Thum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X., Chen, D., Wu, L., He, G., and Ye, W. (2020). Low Serum Cholesterol Level Among Patients with COVID-19 Infection in Wenzhou, China. SSRN Electron. J.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3544826"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2020.04.008","article-title":"Hypolipidemia is associated with the severity of COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, S., De Tymowski, C., Assadi, M., Zappella, N., Jean-Baptiste, S., Robert, T., Peoch, K., Lortat-Jacob, B., Fontaine, L., and Bouzid, D. (2020). Lipoprotein concentrations over time in the intensive care unit COVID-19 patients: Results from the ApoCOVID study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239573"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Zhang, Q., Zhao, X., Dong, H., Wu, C., Wu, F., Yu, B., Lv, J., Zhang, S., and Wu, G. (2020). Low high-density lipoprotein level is correlated with the severity of COVID-19 patients: An observational study. Lipids Health Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01382-9"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.07.015","article-title":"Declined serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection","volume":"510","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Yuan, Z., Pavel, M.A., Hobson, R., and Hansen, S. (2020). The role of high cholesterol in age-related COVID19 lethality. bioRxiv Prepr. Serv. Biol.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.09.086249"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106218","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a factor affecting virus clearance in covid-19 patients","volume":"175","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roccaforte, V., Daves, M., Lippi, G., Spreafico, M., and Bonato, C. (2021). Altered lipid profile in patients with COVID-19 infection. J. Lab. Precis. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.21037\/jlpm-20-98"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218323","article-title":"Preliminary predictive criteria for COVID-19 cytokine storm","volume":"80","author":"Caricchio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-00324-0","article-title":"HDL-scavenger receptor B type 1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry","volume":"2","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Kim, J.-R., Lee, I.-C., and Kwon, H.-J. (2021). Native High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) with Higher Paraoxonase Exerts a Potent Antiviral Effect against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), While Glycated HDL Lost the Antiviral Activity. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020209"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henrich, S.E., McMahon, K.M., Palacio, N., Bhalla, P., Penaloza-MacMaster, P., and Thaxton, C.S. (2020). Targeting Scavenger Receptor Type B-1 (SR-B1) and Cholesterol Inhibits Entry of SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus in Cell Culture. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.14.420133"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1490003","article-title":"Standardizing Scavenger Receptor Nomenclature","volume":"192","author":"PrabhuDas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700373","article-title":"A Consensus Definitive Classification of Scavenger Receptors and Their Roles in Health and Disease","volume":"198","author":"PrabhuDas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.03.007","article-title":"Multifaceted roles for lipids in viral infection","volume":"19","author":"Heaton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12340","article-title":"Lipid interactions during virus entry and infection","volume":"16","author":"Mazzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81551-0","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 6 envelope cholesterol is required for virus entry","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00388","article-title":"The Role of Host Cholesterol During Flavivirus Infection","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, I.P., Carvalho, C.A.M., and Gomes, A.M.O. (2020). Current Understanding of the Role of Cholesterol in the Life Cycle of Alphaviruses. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010035"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.02.018","article-title":"Rotavirus RRV associates with lipid membrane microdomains during cell entry","volume":"322","author":"Realpe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35446","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607302200","article-title":"HIV gp120-induced interaction between CD4 and CCR5 requires cholesterol-rich microenvironments revealed by live cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging","volume":"281","author":"Yi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.10.015","article-title":"Lipid rafts play an important role in the early stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus life cycle","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.631274","article-title":"Membrane Rafts: Portals for Viral Entry","volume":"12","author":"Ripa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, Z., Cimakasky, L.M., Hampton, R., Nguyen, D.H., and Hildreth, J.E.K. (2001). Lipid Rafts and HIV Pathogenesis: Host Membrane Cholesterol Is Required for Infection by HIV Type 1, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","DOI":"10.1089\/088922201300343690"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, X., Li, Y., Han, J., Zarlenga, D.S., Zhu, W., Ren, X., Dong, N., Li, X., and Li, G. (2018). Cholesterol of lipid rafts is a key determinant for entry and post-entry control of porcine rotavirus infection. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1366-7"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.08.026","article-title":"Importance of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains in the interaction of the S protein of SARS-coronavirus with the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"381","author":"Glende","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5248.518","article-title":"Identification of Scavenger Receptor SR-BI as a High Density Lipoprotein Receptor","volume":"271","author":"Acton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14011","article-title":"Scavenger receptor class B type I is a multiligand HDL receptor that influences diverse physiologic systems","volume":"108","author":"Krieger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2028","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A-I structural organization in high-density lipoproteins isolated from human plasma","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12684","article-title":"Structure of LIMP-2 provides functional insights with implications for SR-BI and CD36","volume":"504","author":"Neculai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-005-0030-4","article-title":"Role of apoA-I, ABCA1, LCAT, and SR-BI in the biogenesis of HDL","volume":"84","author":"Zannis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e328338472d","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein heterogeneity and function in reverse cholesterol transport","volume":"21","author":"Rothblat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09665-0_4","article-title":"Cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport","volume":"224","author":"Favari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000170946.56981.5c","article-title":"New insights into the regulation of HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport","volume":"96","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9322","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.9322","article-title":"Influence of the high density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI on reproductive and cardiovascular pathophysiology","volume":"96","author":"Trigatti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13288","article-title":"Abnormal lipoprotein metabolism and reversible female infertility in HDL receptor (SR-BI)-deficient mice","volume":"108","author":"Miettinen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1237725100","article-title":"Probucol prevents early coronary heart disease and death in the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI\/apolipoprotein E double knockout mouse","volume":"100","author":"Braun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63341-X","article-title":"Dual role for scavenger receptor class B, type I on bone marrow-derived cells in atherosclerotic lesion development","volume":"165","author":"Bos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199706000-00009","article-title":"Scavenger receptor BI-A cell surface receptor for high density lipoprotein","volume":"8","author":"Rigotti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.318793","article-title":"Inherited Variants in SCARB1 Cause Severe Early-Onset Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"129","author":"Koenig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.523563","article-title":"Diet-induced occlusive coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac dysfunction, and premature death in scavenger receptor class B type I-deficient, hypomorphic apolipoprotein ER61 mice","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304200","article-title":"The effects of diet on occlusive coronary artery atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in scavenger receptor class B, type 1\/low-density lipoprotein receptor double knockout mice","volume":"34","author":"Fuller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01818-10","article-title":"Tupaia CD81, SR-BI, Claudin-1, and Occludin Support Hepatitis C Virus Infection","volume":"85","author":"Tong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.008300-0","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus cell entry: Role of lipoproteins and cellular receptors","volume":"90","author":"Burlone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Kakinami, C., Li, Q., Yang, B., and Li, H. (2013). Human Apolipoprotein A-I Is Associated with Dengue Virus and Enhances Virus Infection through SR-BI. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070390"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7793","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411600200","article-title":"High density lipoproteins facilitate hepatitis C virus entry through the scavenger receptor class B type I","volume":"280","author":"Voisset","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21139","article-title":"Oxidized low-density lipoprotein inhibits hepatitis C virus cell entry in human hepatoma cells","volume":"43","author":"Lindenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34999","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.164418","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo analysis of the binding of the C terminus of the HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI), to the PDZ1 domain of its adaptor protein PDZK1","volume":"285","author":"Kocher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyre, N.S., Drummer, H.E., and Beard, M.R. (2010). The SR-BI Partner PDZK1 Facilitates Hepatitis C Virus Entry. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001130"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52820","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M310482200","article-title":"Targeted Disruption of the PDZK1 Gene in Mice Causes Tissue-specific Depletion of the High Density Lipoprotein Receptor Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I and Altered Lipoprotein Metabolism","volume":"278","author":"Kocher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18285","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M602706200","article-title":"High density lipoprotein inhibits hepatitis C virus-neutralizing antibodies by stimulating cell entry via activation of the scavenger receptor BI","volume":"281","author":"Dreux","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81932-0","article-title":"High-density lipoproteins reduce the neutralizing effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patient antibodies by promoting HCV entry","volume":"87","author":"Voisset","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37713-0","article-title":"High density lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Eieenberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Lipids Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283630846","article-title":"Interstitial fluid lipoproteins","volume":"24","author":"Lundberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H. (2021). Importance of Apolipoprotein A-I and A-II Composition in HDL and Its Potential for Studying COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. Medicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines8070038"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13242","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.20.13242","article-title":"Murine SR-BI, a high density lipoprotein receptor that mediates selective lipid uptake, is N-glycosylated and fatty acylated and colocalizes with plasma membrane caveolae","volume":"272","author":"Babitt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32462-7","article-title":"Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) mediates free cholesterol flux independently of HDL tethering to the cell surface","volume":"40","author":"Rothblat","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.02.011","article-title":"Extracellular hydrophobic regions in scavenger receptor BI play a key role in mediating HDL-cholesterol transport","volume":"496","author":"Papale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6245","DOI":"10.1021\/bi2005625","article-title":"Extracellular disulfide bonds support scavenger receptor-BI-mediated cholesterol transport","volume":"50","author":"Papale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20982","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.34.20982","article-title":"Scavenger receptor BI promotes high density lipoprotein-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux","volume":"272","author":"Ji","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15422","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222421399","article-title":"Discovery of chemical inhibitors of the selective transfer of lipids mediated by the HDL receptor SR-BI","volume":"99","author":"Nieland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.07.024","article-title":"Cholesterol is required for stability and infectivity of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses","volume":"510","author":"Bajimaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.04.001","article-title":"Dependence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cholesterol-rich lipid raft and endosomal acidification","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00218","article-title":"HDL particle number and size as predictors of cardiovascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Kontush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82852-7","article-title":"Morphometry of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 particles in ultrathin plastic sections of infected Vero cell cultures","volume":"11","author":"Laue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1437453100","article-title":"Nef increases the synthesis of and transports cholesterol to lipid rafts and HIV-1 progeny virions","volume":"100","author":"Zheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.7.3264-3272.2000","article-title":"Evidence for Budding of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Selectively from Glycolipid-Enriched Membrane Lipid Rafts","volume":"74","author":"Nguyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Virology."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241320298","article-title":"Plasma membrane rafts play a critical role in HIV-1 assembly and release","volume":"98","author":"Ono","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00326-X","article-title":"Rotavirus infectious particles use lipid rafts during replication for transport to the cell surface in vitro and in vivo","volume":"313","author":"Cuadras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10356","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.20.10356-10364.2002","article-title":"Role for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Membrane Cholesterol in Viral Internalization","volume":"76","author":"Guyader","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.09.014","article-title":"Hemagglutinin Spatial Distribution Shifts in Response to Cholesterol in the Influenza Viral Envelope","volume":"109","author":"Domanska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.186031","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of defined hdl subpopulations reveals particle-specific protein clusters: Relevance to antioxidative function","volume":"29","author":"Davidson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103182","article-title":"The distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum","volume":"34","author":"Havel","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26206","article-title":"Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL","volume":"117","author":"Vaisar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.028134","article-title":"Multi-dimensional co-separation analysis reveals protein-protein interactions defining plasma lipoprotein subspecies","volume":"12","author":"Gordon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.108753","article-title":"Altered activation of endothelial anti-and proapoptotic pathways by high-density lipoprotein from patients with coronary artery disease: Role of high-density lipoprotein-proteome remodeling","volume":"127","author":"Riwanto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000889","article-title":"HDL\u2019s protein cargo: Friend or foe in cardioprotection?","volume":"127","author":"Heinecke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"(2021, August 11). HDL Proteome Watch Page. Available online: https:\/\/homepages.uc.edu\/~davidswm\/HDLproteome.html."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R039297","article-title":"Thematic review series: High density lipoprotein structure, function, and metabolism cardioprotective functions of HDLs 1","volume":"55","author":"Rye","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"845","article-title":"Reverse cholesterol transport and cholesterol efflux in atherosclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Ohashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"QJM-Mon. J. Assoc. Phys."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036095","article-title":"Thematic review series: High density lipoprotein structure, function, and metabolism: Unraveling the complexities of the HDL lipidome","volume":"54","author":"Kontush","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.3.443","article-title":"\u03b1-tocopherol metabolism is abnormal in scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)-deficient mice","volume":"132","author":"Mardones","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2016.01.011","article-title":"Lipoprotein carriers of microRNAs","volume":"1861","author":"Michell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R035725","article-title":"Proteomic diversity of high density lipoproteins: Our emerging understanding of its importance in lipid transport and beyond","volume":"54","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30163","article-title":"Molecular regulation of HDL metabolism and function: Implications for novel therapies","volume":"116","author":"Rader","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/11905","article-title":"Mutations in ABC1 in Tangier disease and familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency","volume":"22","author":"Marcil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/11914","article-title":"The gene encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter I is mutated in Tangier disease","volume":"22","author":"Bodzioch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09665-0_2","article-title":"Hdl biogenesis, remodeling, and catabolism","volume":"Volume 224","author":"Zannis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahsan, L., Ossoli, A.F., Freeman, L., Vaisman, B., Amar, M.J., Shamburek, R.D., and Remaley, A.T. (2013). Role of Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase in HDL Metabolism and Atherosclerosis. The HDL Handbook: Biological Functions and Clinical Implications, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407867-3.00007-X"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M048629","article-title":"Increased plasma cholesterol esterification by LCAT reduces diet-induced atherosclerosis in SR-BI knockout mice","volume":"56","author":"Thacker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198911093211907","article-title":"High-Density Lipoprotein\u2014The Clinical Implications of Recent Studies","volume":"321","author":"Desforges","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.17.5435","article-title":"Dissociation of tissue uptake of cholesterol ester from that of apoprotein A-I of rat plasma high density lipoprotein: Selective delivery of cholesterol ester to liver, adrenal, and gonad","volume":"80","author":"Glass","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000146094.59640.13","article-title":"Antiinflammatory properties of HDL","volume":"95","author":"Barter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33461-1","article-title":"Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: Step 1","volume":"41","author":"Navab","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2009.05338.x","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein: A potent inhibitor of inflammation: Frontiers in research review: Physiological and pathological functions of high-density lipoprotein","volume":"37","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30825","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.047605","article-title":"Modification of high density lipoprotein by myeloperoxidase generates a pro-inflammatory particle","volume":"284","author":"Urundhati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, L., Qian, A.S., Tahir, U., Yu, P., and Trigatti, B.L. (2017). Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, expressed in myeloid cells, slows diet-induced atherosclerosis and protects against macrophage apoptosis in ldlr KO mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122721"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.009","article-title":"PDZK1 in leukocytes protects against cellular apoptosis and necrotic core development in atherosclerotic plaques in high fat diet fed ldl receptor deficient mice","volume":"276","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H31","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00521.2016","article-title":"HDL protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a scavenger receptor class B type 1-, PI3K-, and Akt-dependent manner","volume":"314","author":"Durham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1447","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00432.2018","article-title":"Treatment with apolipoprotein A1 protects mice against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a scavenger receptor class B, type I-dependent manner","volume":"316","author":"Durham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, M., Okada, H., and Dahlb\u00e4ck, B. (2017). HDL-associated ApoM is anti-apoptotic by delivering sphingosine 1-phosphate to S1P1 & S1P3 receptors on vascular endothelium. Lipids Health Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0429-2"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34480","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103782200","article-title":"Suppression of Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and HDL-associated Lysosphingolipids*","volume":"276","author":"Nofer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.009","article-title":"High density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) inhibits macrophage apoptosis by stimulating STAT3 activity and survivin expression","volume":"257","author":"Feuerborn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI35470","article-title":"ABCG1 and HDL protect against endothelial dysfunction in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet","volume":"118","author":"Terasaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15093","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704602104","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein protects macrophages from oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis by promoting efflux of 7-ketocholesterol via ABCG1","volume":"104","author":"Terasaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0307192","article-title":"Pivotal Advance: Macrophages become resistant to cholesterol-induced death after phagocytosis of apoptotic cells","volume":"82","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2017.12.001","article-title":"Determinants of cholesterol efflux capacity in humans","volume":"69","author":"Talbot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA119000258","article-title":"Composition-function analysis of HDL subpopulations: Influence of lipid composition on particle functionality","volume":"61","author":"Niisuke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23742","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102348200","article-title":"ATP-binding Cassette Transporter A1 (ABCA1) Functions as a Cholesterol Efflux Regulatory Protein*","volume":"276","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.01.002","article-title":"ABCG1 has a critical role in mediating cholesterol efflux to HDL and preventing cellular lipid accumulation","volume":"1","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M006486","article-title":"Macrophage ABCA1 reduces MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor trafficking to lipid rafts by reduction of lipid raft cholesterol","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22930","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M801408200","article-title":"Increased cellular free cholesterol in macrophage-specific Abca1 knock-out mice enhances pro-inflammatory response of macrophages","volume":"283","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M600428-JLR200","article-title":"Increased lipid rafts and accelerated lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 secretion in Abca1-deficient macrophages","volume":"48","author":"Koseki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33375-7","article-title":"Ability of reconstituted high density lipoproteins to inhibit cytokine- induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"40","author":"Baker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000119353.03690.22","article-title":"Human Apolipoprotein A-IV Reduces Secretion of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Atherosclerotic Effects of a Chronic Infection Mimicked by Lipopolysaccharide","volume":"24","author":"Recalde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9613","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103187108","article-title":"Endothelium-protective sphingosine-1-phosphate provided by HDL-associated apolipoprotein M","volume":"108","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7861","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.631101","article-title":"Uncleaved ApoM Signal Peptide Is Required for Formation of Large ApoM\/Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P)-enriched HDL Particles","volume":"290","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.170779","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces an antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages","volume":"102","author":"Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Jarallah, A., Chen, X., Gonz\u00e1lez, L., and Trigatti, B.L. (2014). High Density Lipoprotein Stimulated Migration of Macrophages Depends on the Scavenger Receptor Class B, Type I, PDZK1 and Akt1 and Is Blocked by Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor Antagonists. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106487"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra79","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaa2581","article-title":"HDL-bound sphingosine 1-phosphate acts as a biased agonist for the endothelial cell receptor S1P1 to limit vascular inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Galvani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17947","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.442699","article-title":"High density lipoprotein protects against polymicrobe-induced sepsis in mice","volume":"288","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.5.1601","article-title":"Antiinflammatory effects of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein during human endotoxemia","volume":"184","author":"Pajkrt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000176530.66400.48","article-title":"Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses by an apolipoprotein AI mimetic peptide","volume":"97","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048568","article-title":"Inhibition of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Preserves High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improves Survival in Sepsis","volume":"143","author":"Trinder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00039","article-title":"High Density Lipoproteins: Metabolism, Function, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"7","author":"Jomard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.145672","article-title":"Preferential sphingosine-1-phosphate enrichment and sphingomyelin depletion are key features of small dense HDL3 particles: Relevance to antiapoptotic and antioxidative activities","volume":"27","author":"Kontush","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2004.11.003","article-title":"Formation of methionine sulfoxide-containing specific forms of oxidized high-density lipoproteins","volume":"1703","author":"Stocker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.031","article-title":"Apolipoprotein M binds oxidized phospholipids and increases the antioxidant effect of HDL","volume":"221","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.3.1","article-title":"Functionally defective high-density lipoprotein: A new therapeutic target at the crossroads of dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Kontush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0500","article-title":"Antiatherogenic small, dense HDL-Guardian angel of the arterial wall?","volume":"3","author":"Kontush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-92","article-title":"Modulation of paraoxonases during infectious diseases and its potential impact on atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Farid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"173","article-title":"Paraoxonase 1-an Update of the Antioxidant Properties of High- Density Lipoproteins","volume":"10","author":"Manolescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maedica"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.6150","article-title":"Multiple substrates for paraoxonase-1 during oxidation of phosphatidylcholine by peroxynitrite","volume":"290","author":"Ahmed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17527","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M910376199","article-title":"Combined serum paraoxonase knockout\/apolipoprotein E knockout mice exhibit increased lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis","volume":"275","author":"Shih","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2007.10.001","article-title":"Paraoxonase-1 deficiency in mice predisposes to vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombogenicity in the absence of hyperlipidemia","volume":"17","author":"Ng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67478","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase-1, and HDL form a functional ternary complex","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16231","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.26.16231","article-title":"Novel function of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase: Hydrolysis of oxidized polar phospholipids generated during lipoprotein oxidation","volume":"272","author":"Goyal","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.007","article-title":"A dual role for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) in lipoprotein oxidation","volume":"43","author":"McPherson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.255711","article-title":"Lipid oxidation in carriers of lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase gene mutations","volume":"32","author":"Holleboom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.194555","article-title":"HDL3-mediated inactivation of LDL-associated phospholipid hydroperoxides is determined by the redox status of apolipoprotein A-I and HDL particle surface lipid rigidity: Relevance to inflammation and atherogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Therond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.4.786","article-title":"Plasma LDL and HDL subspecies are heterogenous in particle content of tocopherols and oxygenated and hydrocarbon carotenoids: Relevance to oxidative resistance and atherogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Goulinet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2011.07.013","article-title":"The HDL proteome in acute coronary syndromes shifts to an inflammatory profile","volume":"1821","author":"Alwaili","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34244-9","article-title":"Effects of serum amyloid A protein (SAA) on composition, size, and density of high density lipoproteins in subjects with myocardial infarction","volume":"26","author":"Clifton","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83475","article-title":"Serum amyloid A impairs the antiinflammatory properties of HDL","volume":"126","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stadler, J.T., and Marsche, G. (2020). Obesity-Related Changes in High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238985"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90346-9","article-title":"The role of abnormalities of lipoproteins and HDL functionality in small fibre dysfunction in people with severe obesity","volume":"11","author":"Azmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000227472.70734.ad","article-title":"Reciprocal and coordinate regulation of serum amyloid A versus apolipoprotein A-I and paraoxonase-1 by inflammation in murine hepatocytes","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-169680","article-title":"Reverse cholesterol transport is elevated in carboxyl ester lipase-knockout mice","volume":"25","author":"Camarota","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-3165-z","article-title":"Dysfunctional HDL in diabetes mellitus and its role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease","volume":"440","author":"Srivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.11.182","article-title":"HDL dysfunction in diabetes: Causes and possible treatments","volume":"10","author":"Farbstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.34.5.452","article-title":"Plasma apolipoproteins AI, AII, B, CI, and E are glucosylated in hyperglycemic diabetic subjects","volume":"34","author":"Curtiss","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq034","article-title":"Senescence-Related Truncation and Multimerization of Apolipoprotein A-I in High-Density Lipoprotein With an Elevated Level of Advanced Glycated End Products and Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Activity","volume":"65A","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0574-z","article-title":"The impact of glycation on apolipoprotein A-I structure and its ability to activate lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase","volume":"50","author":"Nobecourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01551","article-title":"Glycation Reduces the Stability of ApoAI and Increases HDL Dysfunction in Diet-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"103","author":"Kashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.12.1928","article-title":"In vivo evidence for increased apolipoprotein A-I catabolism in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"47","author":"Pietzsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1297","article-title":"Nonenzymatic glycation of high-density lipoprotein impairs its anti-inflammatory effects in innate immunity","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes. Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330-OR","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-330-OR","article-title":"Glycation and Deamidation Result in HDL Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"67","author":"Kasumov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2003.08.001","article-title":"Study of factors influencing the decreased HDL associated PON1 activity with aging","volume":"39","author":"Seres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M600167-JLR200","article-title":"Age-related impairment of HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux","volume":"48","author":"Berrougui","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.10.2167","article-title":"Lifetime smoking exposure affects the association of C-reactive protein with cardiovascular disease risk factors and subclinical disease in healthy elderly subjects","volume":"17","author":"Tracy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000090570.99836.9C","article-title":"Oxidized HDL: The paradox-idation of lipoproteins","volume":"23","author":"Bergt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311749","article-title":"Ambient air pollution is associated with HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) dysfunction in healthy adults","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hco.0000231402.87232.aa","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase: An inflammatory enzyme for generating dysfunctional high density lipoprotein","volume":"21","author":"Shao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu076","article-title":"Dysfunctional Lipoproteins from Young Smokers Exacerbate Cellular Senescence and Atherogenesis with Smaller Particle Size and Severe Oxidation and Glycation","volume":"140","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3604","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00738K","article-title":"Consumption of high-dose vitamin C (1250 mg per day) enhances functional and structural properties of serum lipoprotein to improve anti-oxidant, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-aging effects via regulation of anti-inflammatory microRNA","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-016-0167-x","article-title":"Diabetes Dyslipidemia","volume":"7","author":"Schofield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1111-y","article-title":"Diabetic dyslipidaemia: From basic research to clinical practice","volume":"46","author":"MR","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111433","article-title":"Association analysis framework of genetic and exposure risks for COVID-19 in middle-aged and elderly adults","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e040402","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040402","article-title":"Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for COVID-19, and comparison to risk factors for influenza and pneumonia: Results from a UK Biobank prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586308","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.586308","article-title":"Causal Inference for Genetic Obesity, Cardiometabolic Profile and COVID-19 Susceptibility: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"11","author":"Aung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scalsky, R.J., Chen, Y.-J., Desai, K., O\u2019Connell, J.R., Perry, J.A., and Hong, C.C. (2021). Baseline cardiometabolic profiles and SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK Biobank. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248602"},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"Lassale, C., Hamer, M., Hern\u00e1ez, \u00c1., Gale, C.R., and Batty, G.D. (2021). High density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of subsequent COVID-19 hospitalisation: The UK Biobank study. medRxiv Prepr. Serv. Heal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81638-1","article-title":"Altered high-density lipoprotein composition and functions during severe COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Begue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.032","article-title":"Proteomic and Metabolomic Characterization of COVID-19 Patient Sera","volume":"182","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13424","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202013424","article-title":"Decreased serum level of sphingosine-1-phosphate: A novel predictor of clinical severity in COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Marfia","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.035","article-title":"Serum Amyloid A is a biomarker of severe Coronavirus Disease and poor prognosis","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151645","article-title":"Severe COVID-19: A multifaceted viral vasculopathy syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Magro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0343-0","article-title":"COVID-19: The vasculature unleashed","volume":"20","author":"Teuwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001634","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01634-2020","article-title":"Endothelial cell dysfunction: A major player in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)?","volume":"56","author":"Huertas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151682","article-title":"Endothelial cell damage is the central part of COVID-19 and a mouse model induced by injection of the S1 subunit of the spike protein","volume":"51","author":"Nuovo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Downregulation of ACE 2","volume":"128","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215818","article-title":"Long-COVID\u2019: A cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Mandal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, N., Nichols, J., Pruitt, K., and Almodovar, S. (2021). \u201cLung Time No See\u201d: SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein Changes Genetic Expression in Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells After Recovery. FASEB J., 35.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2021.35.S1.03097"},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"1239","article-title":"A role for the scavenger receptor, class B type I in high density lipoprotein dependent activation of cellular signaling pathways","volume":"1801","author":"Trigatti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.258673","article-title":"Novel biological functions of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"111","author":"Mineo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert, J., Osto, E., and von Eckardstein, A. (2021). The Endothelium Is Both a Target and a Barrier of HDL\u2019s Protective Functions. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051041"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.06.056","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein removes lipids from model membranes and interferes with the capacity of high density lipoprotein to exchange lipids","volume":"602","author":"Correa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118707","article-title":"Endotoxin and cytokines decrease serum levels and extra hepatic protein and mRNA levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in syrian hamsters","volume":"97","author":"Moser","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.3.1025","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein is carried on lipoproteins and acts as a cofactor in the neutralization of LPS","volume":"180","author":"Wurfel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.2321-2326.2005","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide Is Transferred from High-Density to Low-Density Lipoproteins by Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein and Phospholipid Transfer Protein","volume":"73","author":"Levels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/19\/10182\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:03:07Z","timestamp":1760166187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/19\/10182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"references-count":210,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms221910182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms221910182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]}}}