{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T08:56:02Z","timestamp":1792313762603,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection; it carries a risk for mortality, considerably exceeding that of a mere infection. Sepsis is the leading cause for acute kidney injury (AKI) and the requirement for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Almost every second critically ill patient with sepsis will develop AKI. In septic shock, the dysregulated host response to infectious pathogens leads to a cytokine storm with uncontrolled production and release of humoral proinflammatory mediators that evoke cellular toxicity and promote the development of organ dysfunction and increased mortality. In addition to treating AKI, RRT techniques can be employed for extracorporeal adsorption of inflammatory mediators using specifically developed adsorption membranes, hemoperfusion sorbent cartridges or columns; these techniques are intended to decrease the level and early deleterious effects of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and endotoxins during the first hours and days of septic shock treatment, in order to improve patient outcomes. Several methods and devices, such as high cut-off membranes, the Oxiris\u00ae-AN69 membrane, CytoSorb\u00ae and HA380 cytokine hemoadsorption, polymyxin B endotoxin adsorption, and plasmapheresis have been examined in small study series or are under evaluation as ways of improving patient outcomes in septic shock. However, to date, the data on actual outcome benefits have remained controversial, as discussed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T09:59:15Z","timestamp":1632391155000},"page":"10238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Renal Replacement Techniques in Septic Shock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9453-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapio","family":"Hellman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Building 4, AA7, Kiinanmyllynkatu 4-8, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5120-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panu","family":"Uusalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Building 18, TG3B, H\u00e4meentie 11, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Building 18, TG3B, H\u00e4meentie 11, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0507-2148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko J.","family":"J\u00e4rvisalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Building 4, AA7, Kiinanmyllynkatu 4-8, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Building 18, TG3B, H\u00e4meentie 11, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Building 18, TG3B, H\u00e4meentie 11, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: Analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex234","article-title":"Epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock in critical care units: Comparison between sepsis-2 and sepsis-3 populations using a national critical care database","volume":"119","author":"Harrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. 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