{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:45:29Z","timestamp":1781311529283,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012155","name":"National Institute for Medical Research Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["958028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["958028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON) is a chronic disease that leads to the destruction and collapse of bone near the joint that is subjected to weight bearing, ultimately resulting in a loss of hip and knee function. Zn2+ ions, as an essential trace element, have functional roles in improving the immunophysiological cellular environment, accelerating bone regeneration, and inhibiting biofilm formation. In this study, we reconstruct SAON lesions with a three-dimensional (3D)-a printed composite made of poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and nanoparticulate Willemite (npW). Rabbit bone marrow stem cells were used to evaluate the cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation capability of the PCL\/npW composite scaffolds. The 2-month bone regeneration was assessed by a Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan and the expression of bone regeneration proteins by Western blot. Compared with the neat PCL group, PCL\/npW scaffolds exhibited significantly increased cytocompatibility and osteogenic activity. This finding reveals a new concept for the design of a 3D-printed PCL\/npW composite-based bone substitute for the early treatment of osteonecrosis defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T04:55:33Z","timestamp":1632718533000},"page":"10332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Regeneration of Bone Defects in a Rabbit Femoral Osteonecrosis Model Using 3D-Printed Poly (Epsilon-Caprolactone)\/Nanoparticulate Willemite Composite Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7420-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latifeh","family":"Karimzadeh Bardeei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biology Laboratory, Animal Biology Department, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3773-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Seyedjafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghamartaj","family":"Hossein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biology Laboratory, Animal Biology Department, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nabiuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hosein","family":"Majles Ara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Laboratory, Physics Department, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran"},{"name":"Applied Science Research Centre, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9738-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochen","family":"Salber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salber Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Department of Experimental Surgery, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum GmbH, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/NOR.0000000000000631","article-title":"Avascular Necrosis and Bone Infarcts of the Knee","volume":"39","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop. 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