{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:57:44Z","timestamp":1791377864721,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFD0900504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0900504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exosomes are associated with cancer progression, pregnancy, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system-related diseases, immune responses and viral pathogenicity. However, study on the role of exosomes in the immune response of teleost fish, especially antiviral immunity, is limited. Herein, serum-derived exosomes from mandarin fish were used to investigate the antiviral effect on the exosomes of teleost fish. Exosomes isolated from mandarin fish serum by ultra-centrifugation were internalized by mandarin fish fry cells and were able to inhibit Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms of exosomes in inhibiting ISKNV infection, the protein composition of serum-derived exosomes was analyzed by mass spectrometry. It was found that myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) was incorporated by exosomes. Furthermore, the mandarin fish Mx1 protein was proven to be transferred into the recipient cells though exosomes. Our results showed that the serum-derived exosomes from mandarin fish could inhibit ISKNV replication, which suggested an underlying mechanism of the exosome antivirus in that it incorporates Mx1 protein and delivery into recipient cells. This study provided evidence for the important antiviral role of exosomes in the immune system of teleost fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T04:55:33Z","timestamp":1632718533000},"page":"10346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evidence for a Novel Antiviral Mechanism of Teleost Fish: Serum-Derived Exosomes Inhibit Virus Replication through Incorporating Mx1 Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan-Nan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Ping","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2402-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Jun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Guo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0250-9","article-title":"Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication","volume":"21","author":"Mathieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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