{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:12:06Z","timestamp":1790741526810,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 308 nm monochromatic excimer light (MEL) is widely used to treat patients with vitiligo. However, dose optimization still needs to be clarified. This study aimed to obtain objective evidence regarding various doses of MEL irradiation, induced cell level changes in vitro, and skin level alterations in vivo. Cultured human keratinocytes were irradiated with MEL using various doses. After irradiation at low doses, stem cell factor, endothelin-1, and glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B, factors that activate and protect melanocytes, were found to be significantly elevated in keratinocytes. After irradiation using medium and high doses, inflammatory cytokines were induced. The amount of ATP released and the level of inflammasome activation, which are known to be related to interleukin-1\u03b2 activation, were also increased. The back skin of guinea pigs and mice were irradiated with MEL at varying doses. After irradiation, an increase of epidermal melanin and epidermal melanocytes was confirmed, using the minimal erythemal dose or less. In rhododendrol-induced leukoderma guinea pigs, a much lower dose of MEL irradiation was effective, when compared with the effective dose for control guinea pigs. Our results suggest that a lower irradiation dose of MEL might be sufficient and more suitable for repigmentation in vitiligo treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T10:39:20Z","timestamp":1632739160000},"page":"10409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Lower Irradiation Dose of 308 nm Monochromatic Excimer Light Might Be Sufficient for Vitiligo Treatment: A Novel Insight Gained from In Vitro and In Vivo Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0796-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasutaka","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan"},{"name":"Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Odawara 2500002, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1578-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Sayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan"},{"name":"Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Odawara 2500002, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan"},{"name":"Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Odawara 2500002, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Tsuruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5458585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19683-6_1","article-title":"Sensing the environment: Regulation of local and global homeostasis by the skin\u2019s neuroendocrine system","volume":"212","author":"Slominski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. 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