{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:14:54Z","timestamp":1790734494680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ECU Research Economic Development and Engagement","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Brody Brother Endowment","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The developing prenatal brain is particularly susceptible to environmental disturbances. During prenatal brain development, synapses form between neurons, resulting in neural circuits that support complex cognitive functions. In utero exposure to environmental factors such as pharmaceuticals that alter the process of synapse formation increases the risk of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. However, there is a lack of research into how specific environmental factors directly impact the developing neural circuitry of the human brain. For example, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are commonly used throughout pregnancy to treat depression, yet their impact on the developing fetal brain remains unclear. Recently, human brain models have provided unprecedented access to the critical window of prenatal brain development. In the present study, we used human neurons and cortical spheroids to determine whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine alters neurite and synapse formation and the development of spontaneous activity within neural circuits. We demonstrate that cortical spheroids express serotonin transporter, thus recapitulating the early developmental expression of serotonin transporter associated with cortical pyramidal neurons. Cortical spheroids also appropriately express serotonin receptors, such as synaptic 5-HT2A and glial 5-HT5A. To determine whether fluoxetine can affect developing neural circuits independent of serotonergic innervation from the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei, we treated cortical neurons and spheroids with fluoxetine. Fluoxetine alters neurite formation in a dose-dependent fashion. Intriguingly, in cortical spheroids, neither acute nor chronic fluoxetine significantly altered excitatory synapse formation. However, only acute, but not chronic fluoxetine exposure altered inhibitory synaptogenesis. Finally, fluoxetine reversibly suppresses neuronal activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that fluoxetine can acutely alter synaptic function in developing neural circuits, but the effects were not long-lasting. This work provides a foundation for future studies to combine serotonergic innervation with cortical spheroids and assess the contributions of fluoxetine-induced alterations in serotonin levels to brain development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T21:38:09Z","timestamp":1632865089000},"page":"10457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Fluoxetine on Developing Neural Circuits in a Model of the Human Fetal Cortex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kinsley","family":"Tate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenna","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisia","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Ulffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6180-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Litwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.07.027","article-title":"LTP consolidation: Substrates, explanatory power, and functional significance","volume":"52","author":"Lynch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.011","article-title":"Understanding synapses: Past, present, and future","volume":"60","author":"Malenka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E18-04-0222","article-title":"Stem cell models of human synapse development and degeneration","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. 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