{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:04:26Z","timestamp":1791925466807,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and treat vascular occlusion is promising due to their advantageous cost\u2013benefit ratio and large-scale production. Thrombotic complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral occlusive diseases resulting from blood vessel blockage are the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality. Given the ability of microbial thrombolytic enzymes to dissolve blood clots and prevent any adverse effects, their use as a potential thrombolytic therapy has attracted great interest. A better understanding of the hemostasis and fibrinolytic system may aid in improving the efficacy and safety of this treatment approach over classical thrombolytic agents. Here, we concisely discuss the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation, thrombo-, and fibrinolysis, thrombolytic and fibrinolytic agents isolated from bacteria, fungi, and algae along with their mode of action and the potential application of microbial enzymes in thrombosis therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T21:38:09Z","timestamp":1632865089000},"page":"10468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3913-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepti","family":"Diwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeba","family":"Usmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6493-5217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minaxi","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0790-2264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1565-5918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijai Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12469","article-title":"Visualizing thrombosis to improve thrombus resolution","volume":"5","author":"Weisel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Thromb. 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