{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:05:05Z","timestamp":1790697905044,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HI18C0661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI18C0661"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently published clinical trials involving the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) indicated that approximately one-third of the studies were conducted on musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). MSD refers to a wide range of degenerative conditions of joints, bones, and muscles, and these conditions are the most common causes of chronic disability worldwide, being a major burden to the society. Conventional treatment modalities for MSD are not sufficient to correct the underlying structural abnormalities. Hence, ADSC-based cell therapies are being tested as a form of alternative, yet more effective, therapies in the management of MSDs. Therefore, in this review, MSDs subjected to the ADSC-based therapy were further categorized as arthritis, craniomaxillofacial defects, tendon\/ligament related disorders, and spine disorders, and their brief characterization as well as the corresponding conventional therapeutic approaches with possible mechanisms with which ADSCs produce regenerative effects in disease-specific microenvironments were discussed to provide an overview of under which circumstances and on what bases the ADSC-based cell therapy was implemented. Providing an overview of the current status of ADSC-based cell therapy on MSDs can help to develop better and optimized strategies of ADSC-based therapeutics for MSDs as well as help to find novel clinical applications of ADSCs in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T10:22:42Z","timestamp":1632997362000},"page":"10586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["ADSC-Based Cell Therapies for Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Seahyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 210-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Sik","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 210-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9962-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeong-Wook","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 210-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9814-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soyeon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 210-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 210-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il-Kwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 210-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-Chul","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 210-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1165-5","article-title":"Stem cells: Past, present, and future","volume":"10","author":"Zakrzewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. 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