{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:21:39Z","timestamp":1790709699986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2320-B-010 -019 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2320-B-010 -019 -MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2327-B-010-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2327-B-010-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008903","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOHW108-TDU-B-211-133001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW108-TDU-B-211-133001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008903","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOHW109-TDU-B-211-114001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW109-TDU-B-211-114001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VGH, NTUH Joint Research Program","award":["VN109-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VN109-16"]}]},{"name":"VGH, TSGH, NDMC, AS Joint Research Program","award":["VTA107-V1-5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTA107-V1-5-1"]}]},{"name":"VGH, TSGH, NDMC, AS Joint Research Program","award":["VTA108-V1-5-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTA108-V1-5-3"]}]},{"name":"VGH, TSGH, NDMC, AS Joint Research Program","award":["VTA109-V1-4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTA109-V1-4-1"]}]},{"name":"AS Clinical Research Center","award":["IBMS-CRC109-P04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBMS-CRC109-P04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and its tumorigenesis involves the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic events in the respiratory epithelium. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, RNA modification, and histone modifications, have been widely reported to play an important role in lung cancer development and in other pulmonary diseases. Whereas the functionality of DNA and chromatin modifications referred to as epigenetics is widely characterized, various modifications of RNA nucleotides have recently come into prominence as functionally important. N6-methyladosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification in mRNAs, and its machinery of writers, erasers, and readers is well-characterized. However, several other nucleotide modifications of mRNAs and various noncoding RNAs have also been shown to play an important role in the regulation of biological processes and pathology. Such epitranscriptomic modifications play an important role in regulating various aspects of RNA metabolism, including transcription, translation, splicing, and stability. The dysregulation of epitranscriptomic machinery has been implicated in the pathological processes associated with carcinogenesis including uncontrolled cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In recent years, with the advancement of RNA sequencing technology, high-resolution maps of different modifications in various tissues, organs, or disease models are being constantly reported at a dramatic speed. This facilitates further understanding of the relationship between disease development and epitranscriptomics, shedding light on new therapeutic possibilities. In this review, we summarize the basic information on RNA modifications, including m6A, m1A, m5C, m7G, pseudouridine, and A-to-I editing. We then demonstrate their relation to different kinds of lung diseases, especially lung cancer. By comparing the different roles RNA modifications play in the development processes of different diseases, this review may provide some new insights and offer a better understanding of RNA epigenetics and its involvement in pulmonary diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T10:22:42Z","timestamp":1632997362000},"page":"10592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["RNA Modifications and Epigenetics in Modulation of Lung Cancer and Pulmonary Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1872-466X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pai-Chi","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Genomic Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0097-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliaksandr A.","family":"Yarmishyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Jer","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Chi","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4060-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mong-Lien","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9666-1273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chian-Shiu","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4194-162X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Hung","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuh-Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1790-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Kuei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Hwa","family":"Chiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1528-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueh","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112027, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-4-12","article-title":"The molecular basis of lung cancer: Molecular abnormalities and therapeutic implications","volume":"4","author":"Massion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.7.16262","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms and cancer: An interface between the environment and the genome","volume":"6","author":"Herceg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00230","article-title":"Advances in Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Accurate Molecular Typing","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12407","article-title":"Chemotherapeutic and targeted biological agents for metastatic bladder cancer: A comprehensive review","volume":"21","author":"Sio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1092","article-title":"Vasculogenic mimicry and tumour-cell plasticity: Lessons from melanoma","volume":"3","author":"Hendrix","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-2063-4","article-title":"The significance of epigenetic alterations in lung carcinogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Brzezianska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-612-8_1","article-title":"Epigenetic markers of early tumor development","volume":"863","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.8b00949","article-title":"RNA modifications: Reversal mechanisms and cancer","volume":"58","author":"Thapar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.262766.115","article-title":"RNA N6-methyladenosine methylation in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation","volume":"29","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2012.11.003","article-title":"Reversible RNA adenosine methylation in biological regulation","volume":"29","author":"Jia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.42","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-486-5p contributes to tumor progression and metastasis by targeting protumorigenic ARHGAP5 in lung cancer","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.08.030","article-title":"Roles of RNA methylation by means of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in human cancers","volume":"408","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11671","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11671","article-title":"Genome-scale long noncoding RNA expression pattern in squamous cell lung cancer","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.04.024","article-title":"METTL3 Gains R\/W Access to the Epitranscriptome","volume":"62","author":"Schumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1432","article-title":"A METTL3-METTL14 complex mediates mammalian nuclear RNA N6-adenosine methylation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2014.3","article-title":"Mammalian WTAP is a regulatory subunit of the RNA N6-methyladenosine methyltransferase","volume":"24","author":"Ping","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19342","article-title":"m(6)A RNA methylation promotes XIST-mediated transcriptional repression","volume":"537","author":"Patil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.05.048","article-title":"Perturbation of m6A writers reveals two distinct classes of mRNA methylation at internal and 5\u2032 sites","volume":"8","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32497-3","article-title":"Characterization and partial purification of mRNA N6-adenosine methyltransferase from HeLa cell nuclei. Internal mRNA methylation requires a multisubunit complex","volume":"269","author":"Bokar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.03.021","article-title":"The m6A methyltransferase METTL3 promotes translation in human cancer cells","volume":"62","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261417","article-title":"Stem cells. m6A mRNA methylation facilitates resolution of naive pluripotency toward differentiation","volume":"347","author":"Geula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0040-8","article-title":"Dynamic transcriptomic m(6)A decoration: Writers, erasers, readers and functions in RNA metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.05.041","article-title":"Structural Basis for Cooperative Function of Mettl3 and Mettl14 Methyltransferases","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.064238.117","article-title":"The m(6)A reader protein YTHDC2 interacts with the small ribosomal subunit and the 5\u2032-3\u2032 exoribonuclease XRN1","volume":"24","author":"Kretschmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.09.021","article-title":"Regulation of m(6)A Transcripts by the 3\u2032-->5\u2032 RNA Helicase YTHDC2 Is Essential for a Successful Meiotic Program in the Mammalian Germline","volume":"68","author":"Wojtas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26116","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.26116","article-title":"The conserved RNA helicase YTHDC2 regulates the transition from proliferation to differentiation in the germline","volume":"6","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-018-0019-0","article-title":"VIRMA mediates preferential m(6)A mRNA methylation in 3\u2032UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation","volume":"4","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33292","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.500397","article-title":"Identification of Wilms\u2019 tumor 1-associating protein complex and its role in alternative splicing and the cell cycle","volume":"288","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.309146.117","article-title":"Zc3h13\/Flacc is required for adenosine methylation by bridging the mRNA-binding factor Rbm15\/Spenito to the m(6)A machinery component Wtap\/Fl(2)d","volume":"32","author":"Knuckles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.003","article-title":"The U6 snRNA m(6)A Methyltransferase METTL16 Regulates SAM Synthetase Intron Retention","volume":"169","author":"Pendleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201744940","article-title":"Human METTL16 is a N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) methyltransferase that targets pre-mRNAs and various non-coding RNAs","volume":"18","author":"Warda","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23608-8","article-title":"Structural insights into the RNA methyltransferase domain of METTL16","volume":"8","author":"Ruszkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11112","article-title":"Topology of the human and mouse m6A RNA methylomes revealed by m6A-seq","volume":"485","author":"Dominissini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13911","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1116","article-title":"Solution structure of the YTH domain in complex with N6-methyladenosine RNA: A reader of methylated RNA","volume":"42","author":"Theler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.28829","article-title":"Reading RNA methylation codes through methyl-specific binding proteins","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2014.152","article-title":"Crystal structure of the YTH domain of YTHDF2 reveals mechanism for recognition of N6-methyladenosine","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.05.014","article-title":"N(6)-methyladenosine Modulates Messenger RNA Translation Efficiency","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12626","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12626","article-title":"YTHDF2 destabilizes m(6)A-containing RNA through direct recruitment of the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010428317700001","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428317700001","article-title":"RNA editing of AZIN1 induces the malignant progression of non-small-cell lung cancers","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.01.012","article-title":"Nuclear m(6)A Reader YTHDC1 Regulates mRNA Splicing","volume":"61","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2017.99","article-title":"Ythdc2 is an N(6)-methyladenosine binding protein that regulates mammalian spermatogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1042\/BC20040151","article-title":"VICKZ proteins: A multi-talented family of regulatory RNA-binding proteins","volume":"97","author":"Yisraeli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.287540.116","article-title":"IMPs: An RNA-binding protein family that provides a link between stem cell maintenance in normal development and cancer","volume":"30","author":"Degrauwe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0045-z","article-title":"Recognition of RNA N(6)-methyladenosine by IGF2BP proteins enhances mRNA stability and translation","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.687","article-title":"N6-methyladenosine in nuclear RNA is a major substrate of the obesity-associated FTO","volume":"7","author":"Jia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21022","article-title":"Reversible methylation of m(6)Am in the 5\u2032 cap controls mRNA stability","volume":"541","author":"Mauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2048","article-title":"Variation in FTO contributes to childhood obesity and severe adult obesity","volume":"39","author":"Dina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.11.017","article-title":"FTO plays an oncogenic role in acute myeloid leukemia as a N6-methyladenosine RNA demethylase","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.02.059","article-title":"m6A RNA methylation regulates the self-renewal and tumorigenesis of glioblastoma stem cells","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.10.015","article-title":"ALKBH5 is a mammalian RNA demethylase that impacts RNA metabolism and mouse fertility","volume":"49","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2018.03.003","article-title":"Reversible RNA Modification N(1)-methyladenosine (m(1)A) in mRNA and tRNA","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Yaacov, D., Frumkin, I., Yashiro, Y., Chujo, T., Ishigami, Y., Chemla, Y., Blumberg, A., Schlesinger, O., Bieri, P., and Greber, B. (2016). Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Is Methylated by tRNA Methyltransferase TRMT61B in All Vertebrates. PLoS Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002557"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2569","article-title":"Structural and evolutionary insights into ribosomal RNA methylation","volume":"14","author":"Sergiev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.07.008","article-title":"\u2018View From A Bridge\u2019: A New Perspective on Eukaryotic rRNA Base Modification","volume":"40","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2040","article-title":"Transcriptome-wide mapping reveals reversible and dynamic N(1)-methyladenosine methylome","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6380","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b01703","article-title":"Identification of YTH Domain-containing proteins as the readers for N 1-Methyladenosine in RNA","volume":"90","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohnsack, K.E., Hobartner, C., and Bohnsack, M.T. (2019). Eukaryotic 5-methylcytosine (m(5)C) RNA Methyltransferases: Mechanisms, Cellular Functions, and Links to Disease. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10020102"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1510","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1510","article-title":"The dynamic RNA modification 5-methylcytosine and its emerging role as an epitranscriptomic mark","volume":"10","author":"Trixl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6158","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7158","article-title":"Methylation of ribosomal RNA by NSUN5 is a conserved mechanism modulating organismal lifespan","volume":"6","author":"Schosserer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7511","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw551","article-title":"mRNA capping: Biological functions and applications","volume":"44","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2016.1259781","article-title":"Tuning the ribosome: The influence of rRNA modification on eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis and function","volume":"14","author":"Sloan","year":"2017","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomikawa, C. (2018). 7-Methylguanosine Modifications in Transfer RNA (tRNA). Int J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201811.0384.v1"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.03.040","article-title":"METTL1 Promotes let-7 MicroRNA Processing via m7G Methylation","volume":"74","author":"Pandolfini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355838202024019","article-title":"Two proteins that form a complex are required for 7-methylguanosine modification of yeast tRNA","volume":"8","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2002","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.047910.114","article-title":"WBSCR22\/Merm1 is required for late nuclear pre-ribosomal RNA processing and mediates N7-methylation of G1639 in human 18S rRNA","volume":"21","author":"Haag","year":"2015","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penzo, M., and Montanaro, L. (2018). Turning Uridines around: Role of rRNA Pseudouridylation in Ribosome Biogenesis and Ribosomal Function. Biomolecules, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8020038"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2018-0205","article-title":"Modifications in small nuclear RNAs and their roles in spliceosome assembly and function","volume":"399","author":"Bohnsack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1836","article-title":"Chemical pulldown reveals dynamic pseudouridylation of the mammalian transcriptome","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-019-0353-z","article-title":"mRNA structure determines modification by pseudouridine synthase 1","volume":"15","author":"Carlile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90510-1","article-title":"A novel form of tissue-specific RNA processing produces apolipoprotein-B48 in intestine","volume":"50","author":"Powell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3659919","article-title":"Apolipoprotein B-48 is the product of a messenger RNA with an organ-specific in-frame stop codon","volume":"238","author":"Chen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2015.4","article-title":"A-to-I editing of coding and non-coding RNAs by ADARs","volume":"17","author":"Nishikura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12994","article-title":"tRF-Leu-CAG promotes cell proliferation and cell cycle in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"90","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"e919644","article-title":"Expression and Prognostic Significance of m6A-Related Genes in Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29531","article-title":"Contributions and prognostic values of m6A RNA methylation regulators in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"235","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0395-8","article-title":"Emerging links between m 6 A and misregulated mRNA methylation in cancer","volume":"9","author":"Jaffrey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2021.8114","article-title":"METTL3-mediated m6A modification of Bcl-2 mRNA promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0538-8","article-title":"mRNA circularization by METTL3\u2013eIF3h enhances translation and promotes oncogenesis","volume":"561","author":"Choe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00517","article-title":"METTL3\/m6A\/miRNA-873-5p attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis in colistin-induced kidney injury by modulating Keap1\/Nrf2 pathway","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.12.014","article-title":"An N6-methyladenosine at the transited codon 273 of p53 pre-mRNA promotes the expression of R273H mutant protein and drug resistance of cancer cells","volume":"160","author":"Uddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5735","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.19.5735","article-title":"Sequence specificity of the human mRNA N6-adenosine methylase in vitro","volume":"18","author":"Harper","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.07.012","article-title":"Epithelial\u2013mesenchymal plasticity: A central regulator of cancer progression","volume":"25","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.01.042","article-title":"The m6A methyltransferase METTL3 contributes to Transforming Growth Factor-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells through the regulation of JUNB","volume":"524","author":"Terashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw126","article-title":"Synergistic action of master transcription factors controls epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"44","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09865-9","article-title":"RNA m(6)A methylation regulates the epithelial mesenchymal transition of cancer cells and translation of Snail","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1065-4","article-title":"METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification is critical for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of gastric cancer","volume":"18","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0830-6","article-title":"m 6 A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the MALAT1-miR-1914-3p-YAP axis to induce NSCLC drug resistance and metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1108-x","article-title":"N6-methyladenosine induced miR-143-3p promotes the brain metastasis of lung cancer via regulation of VASH1","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgz152","article-title":"YTH domain family 2 promotes lung cancer cell growth by facilitating 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase mRNA translation","volume":"41","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.023","article-title":"Targeting SLC3A2 subunit of system XC(-) is essential for m(6)A reader YTHDC2 to be an endogenous ferroptosis inducer in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"168","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-01475-w","article-title":"Aberrant NSUN2-mediated m(5)C modification of H19 lncRNA is associated with poor differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-8-110","article-title":"Promoter methylation and expression of TIMP3 gene in gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Guan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.10.145","article-title":"ALKBH5-m(6)A-FOXM1 signaling axis promotes proliferation and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells under intermittent hypoxia","volume":"521","author":"Chao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"E2047","article-title":"Hypoxia induces the breast cancer stem cell phenotype by HIF-dependent and ALKBH5-mediated m(6)A-demethylation of NANOG mRNA","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.03.093","article-title":"The m6A demethylase FTO promotes the growth of lung cancer cells by regulating the m6A level of USP7 mRNA","volume":"512","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.05.175","article-title":"m(6)A demethylase FTO facilitates tumor progression in lung squamous cell carcinoma by regulating MZF1 expression","volume":"502","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42271","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42271","article-title":"AlkB homolog 3-mediated tRNA demethylation promotes protein synthesis in cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Ueda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-0195","article-title":"High expression of a new marker PCA-1 in human prostate carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Konishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-0955","article-title":"ALKBH3 contributes to survival and angiogenesis of human urothelial carcinoma cells through NADPH oxidase and tweak\/Fn14\/VEGF signals","volume":"18","author":"Shimada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2018.10.008","article-title":"Human ALKBH3-induced m1A demethylation increases the CSF-1 mRNA stability in breast and ovarian cancer cells","volume":"1862","author":"Woo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2019.06.007","article-title":"m1A regulated genes modulate PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR and ErbB pathways in gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6606012","article-title":"ALKBH3, a human AlkB homologue, contributes to cell survival in human non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"104","author":"Tasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1250","article-title":"Transfer RNA demethylase ALKBH3 promotes cancer progression via induction of tRNA-derived small RNAs","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00031","article-title":"The LIN28\/let-7 Pathway in Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Balzeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117480","article-title":"Methyltransferase-like 1 (METTL1) served as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer by activating 7-methyguanosine (m7G) regulated let-7e miRNA\/HMGA2 axis","volume":"249","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12328","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102575","article-title":"Overexpressed methyltransferase-like 1 (METTL1) increased chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to cisplatin by regulating miR-149-3p\/S100A4\/p53 axis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01830-9","article-title":"METTL1 overexpression is correlated with poor prognosis and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma via PTEN","volume":"97","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03962","article-title":"Determination of DNA and RNA Methylation in Circulating Tumor Cells by Mass Spectrometry","volume":"88","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12039","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12039","article-title":"Deficient methylation and formylation of mt-tRNA(Met) wobble cytosine in a patient carrying mutations in NSUN3","volume":"7","author":"Dietmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.02.022","article-title":"Somatic cancer mutations in the DNMT2 tRNA methyltransferase alter its catalytic properties","volume":"112","author":"Elhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.586710","article-title":"RNA methylation by Dnmt2 protects transfer RNAs against stress-induced cleavage","volume":"24","author":"Schaefer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.04.027","article-title":"The RNA methyltransferase Misu (NSun2) mediates Myc-induced proliferation and is upregulated in tumors","volume":"16","author":"Frye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2017-0084","article-title":"Association of tRNA methyltransferase NSUN2\/IGF-II molecular signature with ovarian cancer survival","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20751","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10612","article-title":"Overexpression of NSUN2 by DNA hypomethylation is associated with metastatic progression in human breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Yi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23068","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821754116","article-title":"Pseudouridinylation of mRNA coding sequences alters translation","volume":"116","author":"Eyler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.200","article-title":"Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability","volume":"16","author":"Kariko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.01.026","article-title":"A Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Regimen for Patients with Dyskeratosis Congenita Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48847","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48847","article-title":"A single H\/ACA small nucleolar RNA mediates tumor suppression downstream of oncogenic RAS","volume":"8","author":"McMahon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"262","article-title":"Predictive value of pseudouridine in prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Stockert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Exp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2017.10.009","article-title":"The role of A-to-I RNA editing in cancer development","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.08.013","article-title":"The Genomic Landscape and Clinical Relevance of A-to-I RNA Editing in Human Cancers","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.09.032","article-title":"Principles Governing A-to-I RNA Editing in the Breast Cancer Transcriptome","volume":"13","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2545","article-title":"Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing mediated by ADARs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6493107","article-title":"Altered adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in human cancer","volume":"17","author":"Paz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin, E.M., Liu, Y., Deng, S., Tan, K.S., Chudgar, N., Mayo, M.W., Sanchez-Vega, F., Adusumilli, P.S., Schultz, N., and Jones, D.R. (2017). The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR promotes lung adenocarcinoma migration and invasion by stabilizing FAK. Sci. Signal., 10.","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aah3941"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2019.03.004","article-title":"ADAR and Immune Silencing in Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Herbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0768-9","article-title":"Loss of ADAR1 in tumours overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"565","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2015.469","article-title":"Gene amplification-associated overexpression of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 enhances human lung tumorigenesis","volume":"35","author":"Anadon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13742","article-title":"Altered editing level of microRNAs is a potential biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"109","author":"Maemura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.11.018","article-title":"ADARs and editing: The role of A-to-I RNA modification in cancer progression","volume":"79","author":"Fritzell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3043","article-title":"Recoding RNA editing of AZIN1 predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v9.i3.42","article-title":"Epitranscriptomics of cancer","volume":"9","author":"Tusup","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99976","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99976","article-title":"AZIN1 RNA editing confers cancer stemness and enhances oncogenic potential in colorectal cancer","volume":"3","author":"Shigeyasu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00994","article-title":"m6A RNA methylation regulators participate in the malignant progression and have clinical prognostic value in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3744","article-title":"Large-scale transcriptome analysis identified RNA methylation regulators as novel prognostic signatures for lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12706","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15848","article-title":"m6A RNA methylation regulators could contribute to the occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L229","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00238.2014","article-title":"The role of inflammation in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: From cellular mechanisms to clinical phenotypes","volume":"308","author":"Pugliese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117822","article-title":"MEIS1 regulated proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"255","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21822","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002650RR","article-title":"Critical role of VGLL4 in the regulation of chronic normobaric hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, H., Wang, G., Wu, L., Ma, X., Ying, K., and Zhang, R. (2020). Transcriptome-wide map of m 6 A circRNAs identified in a rat model of hypoxia mediated pulmonary hypertension. BMC Genom., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6462-y"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/19\/10592\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:07:49Z","timestamp":1760166469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/19\/10592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms221910592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms221910592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}}}