{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1790518504860,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant to Joel Shore"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant to Joel Shore"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heterostyly is a breeding system that promotes outbreeding through a combination of morphological and physiological floral traits. In Turnera these traits are governed by a single, hemizygous S-locus containing just three genes. We report that the S-locus gene, BAHD, is mutated and encodes a severely truncated protein in a self-compatible long homostyle species. Further, a self-compatible long homostyle mutant possesses a T. krapovickasii\u00a0BAHD allele with a point mutation in a highly conserved domain of BAHD acyl transferases. Wild type and mutant TkBAHD alleles were expressed in Arabidopsis to assay for brassinosteroid (BR) inactivating activity. The wild type but not mutant allele caused dwarfism, consistent with the wild type possessing, but the mutant allele having lost, BR inactivating activity. To investigate whether BRs act directly in self-incompatibility, BRs were added to in vitro pollen cultures of the two mating types. A small morph specific stimulatory effect on pollen tube growth was found with 5 \u00b5M brassinolide, but no genotype specific inhibition was observed. These results suggest that BAHD acts pleiotropically to mediate pistil length and physiological mating type through BR inactivation, and that in regard to self-incompatibility, BR acts by differentially regulating gene expression in pistils, rather than directly on pollen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1633085740000},"page":"10603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Pistil Mating Type and Morphology Are Mediated by the Brassinosteroid Inactivating Activity of the S-Locus Gene BAHD in Heterostylous Turnera Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Courtney M.","family":"Matzke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan J.","family":"Hamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4145-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paige M.","family":"Henning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyra","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2198-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel S.","family":"Shore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Neff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crops and Soils, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew G.","family":"McCubbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, A.J. (1997). Plant Breeding Systems, Chapman and Hall. 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