{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:26:10Z","timestamp":1789802770871,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]],"date-time":"2021-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20196702129943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20196702129943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N000141912126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000141912126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amyloids are self-assembled protein aggregates that take cross-\u03b2 fibrillar morphology. Although some amyloid proteins are best known for their association with Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease, many other amyloids are found across diverse organisms, from bacteria to humans, and they play vital functional roles. The rigidity, chemical stability, high aspect ratio, and sequence programmability of amyloid fibrils have made them attractive candidates for functional materials with applications in environmental sciences, material engineering, and translational medicines. This review focuses on recent advances in fabricating various types of macroscopic functional amyloid materials. We discuss different design strategies for the fabrication of amyloid hydrogels, high-strength materials, composite materials, responsive materials, extracellular matrix mimics, conductive materials, and catalytic materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T09:24:15Z","timestamp":1633339455000},"page":"10698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Amyloids as Building Blocks for Macroscopic Functional Materials: Designs, Applications and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-4681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuzhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.110.13.1431","article-title":"Molecular chaperones and the cytoskeleton","volume":"110","author":"Liang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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