{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:00:16Z","timestamp":1792724416018,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2320-B-006-047-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2320-B-006-047-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The uterine first-pass effect occurs when drugs are delivered vaginally. However, the effect of vaginally administered recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (rhFSH) on ovarian folliculogenesis and endometrial receptivity is not well established. We aimed to compare the efficacy of rhFSH administered vaginally and abdominally in clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, pharmacokinetic study, and animal study. In IVF treatment, the number of oocytes retrieved, endometrial thickness and uterine artery blood perfusion were not different between women who received the rhFSH either vaginally or abdominally. For serum pharmacokinetic parameters, significantly lower Tmax, clearance, and higher AUC and T1\/2_elimination of rhFSH were observed in women who received rhFSH vaginally, but urine parameters were not different. Immature female rats that received daily abdominal or vaginal injections (1 IU twice daily for 4 days) or intermittent vaginal injections (4 IU every other day for two doses) of rhFSH had more total follicles than the control group. In addition, the serum progesterone and progesterone receptors in the local endometrium were significantly higher in the groups treated with intermittent abdominal or vaginal injection of rhFSH, compared with those who recieved daily injection. In summary, vaginal administration of rhFSH may provide an alternative treatment regimen in women receiving IVF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T16:23:58Z","timestamp":1633623838000},"page":"10769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ovarian Folliculogenesis and Uterine Endometrial Receptivity after Intermittent Vaginal Injection of Recombinant Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Infertile Women Receiving In Vitro Fertilization and in Immature Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8082-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Chin","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiwan United Birth-Promoting Experts Fertility Clinic, Tainan 710, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Douglas Mohr Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2584-9380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Shuo","family":"Hsueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5606-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-5481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui Hua","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin 640, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Tien","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009","article-title":"International committee for monitoring assisted reproductive technology (ICMART) and the world health organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009","volume":"92","author":"Adamson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. 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