{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:13:51Z","timestamp":1789906431112,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carnitines are quaternary amines involved in various cellular processes such as fatty acid uptake, \u03b2-oxidation and glucose metabolism regulation. Due to their neurotrophic activities, their integrative use has been studied in several different physio-pathological conditions such as anorexia nervosa, chronic fatigue, vascular diseases, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and male infertility. Being metabolically active, carnitines have also been proposed to treat reproductive impairment such as functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) since they improve both hormonal and metabolic parameters modulating the neuroendocrine impairments of FHA. Moreover, they are capable of improving the lipid profile and the insulin sensitivity in patients with PCOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T16:23:58Z","timestamp":1633623838000},"page":"10781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neuroendocrine Effects of Carnitines on Reproductive Impairments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tabatha","family":"Petrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1563-7598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Battipaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1216-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Ashraf","family":"Virmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfa Sigma, 3528 BG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Genazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2828-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro D.","family":"Genazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60508-7","article-title":"Carnitine","volume":"15","author":"Fraenkel","year":"1957","journal-title":"Vitam. 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