{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:03:18Z","timestamp":1770840198909,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Center for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TI07.003\/FKZ 80002043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TI07.003\/FKZ 80002043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major health concern with clinical manifestations being acknowledged to cause severe reproductive impairment. Research in infectious diseases has been centered around the known major pathogens for decades. However, we have just begun to understand that the microbiota of the female genital tract is of particular importance for disease initiation, infection progression, and pathological outcome. Thus, we are now aware that many poorly described, partially not yet known, or cultured bacteria may pave the way for an infection and\/or contribute to disease severity. While sequencing-based methods are an important step in diagnosing STIs, culture-based methods are still the gold-standard method in diagnostic routine, providing the opportunity to distinguish phenotypic traits of bacteria. However, current diagnostic culture routines suffer from several limitations reducing the content of information about vaginal microbiota. A detailed characterization of microbiota-associated factors is needed to assess the impact of single-bacterial isolates from the vaginal community on vaginal health and the containment of STIs. Here we provide current concepts to enable modern culture routines and create new ideas to improve diagnostic approaches with a conjunct usage of bioinformatics. We aim to enable scientists and physicians alike to overcome long-accepted limitations in culturing bacteria of interest to the human health. Eventually, this may improve the quality of culture-based diagnostics, facilitate a research interface, and lead to a broader understanding of the role of vaginal microbiota in reproductive health and STIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T16:23:58Z","timestamp":1633623838000},"page":"10815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Culturomics Approaches Expand the Diagnostic Accuracy for Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ellinor Anna","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah Clara","family":"Rettig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariia","family":"Lupatsii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Schl\u00fcter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Graspeuntner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-L\u00fcbeck-Borstel-Riems, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-L\u00fcbeck-Borstel-Riems, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Vos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.087","article-title":"Toward global prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs): The need for STI vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486","article-title":"Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: Global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"97","author":"Rowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000390704.35642.47","article-title":"Treatment of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention: End of the road or new beginning?","volume":"24","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll, K.C., Pfaller, M.A., Landry, M.L., McAdam, A.J., Patel, R., Richter, S.S., and Warnock, D.W. (2019). Manual of Clinical Microbiology, ASM Press. [12th ed.].","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819842"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.12.10.00735-en","article-title":"Chlamydia: A major challenge for public health","volume":"12","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24431","article-title":"Chlamydiae as etiologic agents in chronic undifferentiated spondylarthritis","volume":"60","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.suppl_1.i3","article-title":"Determinants of STD epidemics: Implications for phase appropriate intervention strategies","volume":"78","author":"Aral","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00345-12","article-title":"Growing Unculturable Bacteria","volume":"194","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1086\/657320","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis Assessed by Gram Stain and Diminished Colonization Resistance to Incident Gonococcal, Chlamydial, and Trichomonal Genital Infection","volume":"202","author":"Brotman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1086\/375819","article-title":"Association between Acquisition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Women and Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"37","author":"Cherpes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1086\/315127","article-title":"Vaginal Lactobacilli, Microbial Flora, and Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Sexually Transmitted Disease Acquisition","volume":"180","author":"Martin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1086\/367658","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis Is a Strong Predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection","volume":"36","author":"Wiesenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4610","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57172","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome and sexually transmitted infections: An epidemiologic perspective","volume":"121","author":"Brotman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02237.x","article-title":"Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"116","author":"Donders","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1086\/515635","article-title":"Inverse Association of H2O2-Producing Lactobacilli and Vaginal Escherichia coli Colonization in Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"178","author":"Gupta","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi243","article-title":"A Cluster Analysis of Bacterial Vaginosis\u2013associated Microflora and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease","volume":"162","author":"Ness","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1086\/315227","article-title":"Intravaginal Practices, Vaginal Flora Disturbances, and Acquisition of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Zimbabwean Women","volume":"181","author":"Mason","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132ra52","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605","article-title":"Temporal Dynamics of the Human Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Gajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00934-6","article-title":"VALENCIA: A nearest centroid classification method for vaginal microbial communities based on composition","volume":"8","author":"France","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graspeuntner, S., Bohlmann, M.K., Gillmann, K., Speer, R., Kuenzel, S., Mark, H., Hoellen, F., Lettau, R., Griesinger, G., and K\u00f6nig, I. (2018). Microbiota-based analysis reveals specific bacterial traits and a novel strategy for the diagnosis of infectious infertility. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191047"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27757-8","article-title":"Selection of validated hypervariable regions is crucial in 16S-based microbiota studies of the female genital tract","volume":"8","author":"Graspeuntner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.02.003","article-title":"Microbiota changes impact on sexually transmitted infections and the development of pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"20","author":"Loeper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, B.C., McAndrew, T., Chen, Z., Harari, A., Barris, D.M., Viswanathan, S., Rodriguez, A.C., Castle, P., Herrero, R., and Schiffman, M. (2012). The Cervical Microbiome over 7 Years and a Comparison of Methodologies for Its Characterization. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040425"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanlon, D.E., Moench, T.R., and Cone, R.A. (2013). Vaginal pH and Microbicidal Lactic Acid When Lactobacilli Dominate the Microbiota. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080074"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Z., Luna, Y., Yu, P., and Fan, H. (2014). Lactobacilli Inactivate Chlamydia trachomatis through Lactic Acid but Not H2O2. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107758"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00081","article-title":"Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health","volume":"6","author":"Petrova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29024","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29024","article-title":"Lactobacillus crispatus inhibits the infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies, in vitro study","volume":"6","author":"Nardini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10112800460","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00460-13","article-title":"Influence of Vaginal Bacteria and d- and l-Lactic Acid Isomers on Vaginal Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer: Implications for Protection against Upper Genital Tract Infections","volume":"4","author":"Witkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep284","article-title":"Factors affecting matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels in the vaginal and cervical fluids in the first and second trimester of pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Rahkonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2013.08.013","article-title":"Lactobacillus crispatus modulates epithelial cell defense against Candida albicans through Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, interleukin 8 and human \u03b2-defensins 2 and 3","volume":"156","author":"Rizzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu004","article-title":"Bacteria in the Vaginal Microbiome Alter the Innate Immune Response and Barrier Properties of the Human Vaginal Epithelia in a Species-Specific Manner","volume":"209","author":"Doerflinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2015.07.005","article-title":"Lactobacillus crispatus mediates anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 induction in response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro","volume":"305","author":"Rizzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609488","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.609488","article-title":"The Interaction Between Microorganisms, Metabolites, and Immune System in the Female Genital Tract Microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0903-4","article-title":"In vitro rescue of genital strains of Chlamydia trachomatis from interferon-\u03b3 and tryptophan depletion with indole-positive, but not indole-negative Prevotella spp.","volume":"16","author":"Ziklo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00001","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the Vaginal Microbiota and Higher Vaginal Kynurenine\/Tryptophan Ratio Reveals an Association with Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections","volume":"8","author":"Ziklo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan, S., Hoffman, N.G., Morgan, M., Matsen, F.A., Fiedler, T.L., Hall, R.W., Ross, F.J., McCoy, C.O., Bumgarner, R., and Marrazzo, J. (2012). Bacterial Communities in Women with Bacterial Vaginosis: High Resolution Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Relationships of Microbiota to Clinical Criteria. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037818"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7063","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02385-16","article-title":"Genomic Comparisons of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners Reveal Potential Ecological Drivers of Community Composition in the Vagina","volume":"82","author":"France","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.04.006","article-title":"Effects of vaginal lactobacilli in Chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"304","author":"Mastromarino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00101-08","article-title":"Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Epithelial Cell Interactions by Vaginal Lactobacillus Species","volume":"76","author":"Spurbeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.008","article-title":"How to isolate, identify and determine antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria in routine laboratories","volume":"24","author":"Nagy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(99)00134-0","article-title":"Evaluation of four commercial transport media for the survival of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae","volume":"36","author":"Arbique","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1301-1303.2005","article-title":"Comparison of Easy-Flow Copan Liquid Stuart\u2019s and Starplex Swab Transport Systems for Recovery of Fastidious Aerobic Bacteria","volume":"43","author":"Drake","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.1.171-174.1999","article-title":"Proficiencies of three anaerobic culture systems for recov-ering periodontal pathogenic bacteria","volume":"37","author":"Doan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1086\/516224","article-title":"Anaerobic Identification Flowchart Using Minimal Laboratory Resources","volume":"25","author":"Baron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02166-10","article-title":"Evaluation of the Vitek 2 ANC Card for Identification of Clinical Isolates of Anaerobic Bacteria","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02075-09","article-title":"16S rRNA Gene Sequencing in Routine Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria Isolated from Blood Cultures","volume":"48","author":"Justesen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.5.1681-1686.2002","article-title":"Evaluation of the VITEK 2 System for Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Medically Relevant Gram-Positive Cocci","volume":"40","author":"Ligozzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9vesque, S., Dufresne, P.J., Soualhine, H., Domingo, M.-C., Bekal, S., Lefebvre, B., and Tremblay, C. (2015). A Side by Side Comparison of Bruker Biotyper and VITEK MS: Utility of MALDI-TOF MS Technology for Microorganism Identification in a Public Health Reference Laboratory. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144878"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00791","article-title":"MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: An emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis","volume":"6","author":"Singhal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.1.18","article-title":"Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: A reconsideration of Koch\u2019s postulates","volume":"9","author":"Fredericks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910112802916","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02916-20","article-title":"Metagenomic Sequencing as a Pathogen-Agnostic Clinical Diagnostic Tool for Infectious Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies","volume":"59","author":"Govender","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.892-894.2000","article-title":"Survival of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in Purulent Clinical Specimens Maintained in the Copan Venturi Transystem and Becton Dickinson Port-a-Cul Transport Systems","volume":"38","author":"Citron","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.02.019","article-title":"Survival of vaginal microorganisms in three commercially available transport systems","volume":"45","author":"DeMarco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2017.11.009","article-title":"Extensive evaluation of fastidious anaerobic bacteria recovery from the Copan eSwab\u00ae transport system","volume":"144","author":"Demuyser","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0883-5","article-title":"Comparison of Copan eSwab with the Copan Venturi Transystem for the quantitative survival of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans","volume":"29","author":"Nys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02110-06","article-title":"Survival of Fastidious and Nonfastidious Aerobic Bacteria in Three Bacterial Transport Swab Systems","volume":"45","author":"Rishmawi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00161-08","article-title":"Quantitative Survival of Aerobic and Anaerobic Microorganisms in Port-A-Cul and Copan Transport Systems","volume":"46","author":"Stoner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03246-15","article-title":"Comparison of the Copan eSwab System with an Agar Swab Transport System for Maintenance of Fastidious Anaerobic Bacterium Viability","volume":"54","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.08.004","article-title":"Comparison of 3 swab transport systems for direct release and recovery of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria","volume":"62","author":"Audette","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.053256-0","article-title":"Comparison of two matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry methods and API 20AN for identification of clinically relevant anaerobic bacteria","volume":"62","author":"Jamal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O1091","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12644","article-title":"The influence of incubation time, sample preparation and exposure to oxygen on the quality of the MALDI-TOF MS spectrum of anaerobic bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Veloo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1865-1","article-title":"Advancement in the routine identification of anaerobic bacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry","volume":"32","author":"Coltella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fettweis, J.M., Serrano, M.G., Sheth, N.U., Mayer, C.M., Glascock, A.L., Brooks, J.P., Jefferson, K.K., Buck, G.A., and Vaginal Microbiome Consortium (additional members) (2012). Species-level classification of the vaginal microbiome. BMC Genom., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-S8-S17"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.02.007","article-title":"MALDI-TOF MS identification of anaerobic bacteria: Assessment of pre-analytical variables and specimen preparation techniques","volume":"79","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, A., Fag\u00f6-Olsen, H., S\u00f8rensen, C.H., and Kilian, M. (2013). Molecular Mapping to Species Level of the Tonsillar Crypt Microbiota Associated with Health and Recurrent Tonsillitis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056418"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0041-0","article-title":"Culturing the human microbiota and culturomics","volume":"16","author":"Lagier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of DNA-, PMA-, and RNA-based 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing for detection of live bacteria in water","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.043927-0","article-title":"The value of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of clinically relevant anaerobic bacteria in routine laboratories","volume":"61","author":"Nagy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, Z., Kong, J., Liu, F., Zhu, H., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Li, L., E Nelson, K., Xia, Y., and Xiang, C. (2010). Molecular analysis of the diversity of vaginal microbiota associated with bacterial vaginosis. BMC Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-488"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shipitsyna, E., Roos, A., Datcu, R., Hall\u00e9n, A., Fredlund, H., Jensen, J.S., Engstrand, L., and Unemo, M. (2013). Composition of the Vaginal Microbiota in Women of Reproductive Age\u2014Sensitive and Specific Molecular Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis Is Possible?. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060670"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17645","article-title":"Culturing of \u2018unculturable\u2019 human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation","volume":"533","author":"Browne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12032","article-title":"Culturomics: A new approach to study the human microbiome","volume":"18","author":"Greub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003221","article-title":"Collinsella vaginalis sp. nov. strain Marseille-P2666T, a new member of the Collinsella genus isolated from the genital tract of a patient suffering from bacterial vaginosis","volume":"69","author":"Diop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3250-6","article-title":"Significant increase in cultivation of Gardnerella vaginalis, Alloscardovia omnicolens, Actinotignum schaalii, and Actinomyces spp. in urine samples with total laboratory automation","volume":"37","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.11.003","article-title":"When oxygen runs short: The microenvironment drives host\u2013pathogen interactions","volume":"14","author":"Dietz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.10.032","article-title":"A quasi-universal medium to break the aerobic\/anaerobic bacterial culture dichotomy in clinical microbiology","volume":"22","author":"Dione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00101-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00101-16","article-title":"From Genomes to Phenotypes: Traitar, the Microbial Trait Analyzer","volume":"1","author":"Weimann","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00117","article-title":"Comparative Metagenome-Assembled Genome Analysis of \u201cCandidatus Lachnocurva vaginae\u201d, Formerly Known as Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Bacterium\u22121 (BVAB1)","volume":"10","author":"Holm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burckhardt, I. (2018). Laboratory Automation in Clinical Microbiology. Bioengineering, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5040102"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/19\/10815\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:09:58Z","timestamp":1760166598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/19\/10815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms221910815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms221910815","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]}}}