{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:25:29Z","timestamp":1760235929940,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007428","name":"Naito Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u20132022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u20132022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAITAKU (20K20590)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAITAKU (20K20590)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Program to supporting research activities of female researchers (S21-001C)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Program to supporting research activities of female researchers (S21-001C)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic \u03b2-cells and requires the regeneration of these destroyed pancreatic \u03b2-cells for radical treatment. The degeneration of organelles in stem cells compromises stem cell quality; however, organelles in the mesenchymal stem cells of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have not been characterized previously. In this study, we use transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the degeneration of organelles in adipose-derived stem cells of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM ADSCs). Compared to adipose-derived stem cells from healthy humans, T1DM ADSCs degenerate differently, characterized by prominent enlarged spherical vesicles. The exosomes of T1DM ADSCs are found to be enlarged, reduced in number, and increased in the percentage of those positive for tetraspanin CD9. The findings of this study provide insight into the characteristics of stem cells in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222010906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:23:25Z","timestamp":1633901005000},"page":"10906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exosome Degeneration in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0670-3738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiko","family":"Horiguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo Onoda 756-0884, Yamaguchi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo Onoda 756-0884, Yamaguchi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Turudome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo Onoda 756-0884, Yamaguchi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Ushijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo Onoda 756-0884, Yamaguchi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00317-7","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling pancreatic islet cell function in insulin secretion","volume":"22","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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