{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:25:41Z","timestamp":1760235941860,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graves\u2019s disease is the most common type of autoimmune hyperthyroidism. Numerous studies indicate different factors contributing to the onset of the disease. Despite years of research, the exact pathomechanism of Graves\u2019 disease still remains unresolved, especially in the context of immune response. B cells can play a dual role in autoimmune reactions, on the one hand, as a source of autoantibody mainly targeted in the thyroid hormone receptor (TSHR) and, on the other, by suppressing the activity of proinflammatory cells (as regulatory B cells). To date, data on the contribution of Bregs in Graves\u2019 pathomechanism, especially in children, are scarce. Here, we investigated the frequencies of Bregs before and during a methimazole therapy approach. We reported higher Foxp3+ and IL-10+ Breg levels with CD38- phenotype and reduced numbers of CD38 + Foxp3 + IL-10+ in pediatric Graves\u2019 patients. In addition, selected Breg subsets were found to correlate with TSH and TRAb levels significantly. Noteworthy, certain subpopulations of Bregs were demonstrated as prognostic factors for methimazole therapy outcome. Our data demonstrate the crucial role of Bregs and their potential use as a biomarker in Graves\u2019 disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222010926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:23:25Z","timestamp":1633901005000},"page":"10926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Regulatory B Cells Involvement in Autoimmune Phenomena Occurring in Pediatric Graves\u2019 Disease Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-6397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Grubczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1084-5747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Starosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Sto\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Bossowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Moniuszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Bossowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384","article-title":"2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the management of graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Kahaly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049835"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/20\/10926\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:11:15Z","timestamp":1760166675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/20\/10926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222010926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222010926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]}}}