{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1790424591009,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Scientific Research Program of Military Logistics","award":["BLB19J006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BLB19J006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phosgene (COCl2) was once used as a classic suffocation poison and currently plays an essential role in industrial production. Due to its high toxicity, the problem of poisoning caused by leakage during production, storage, and use cannot be ignored. Phosgene mainly acts on the lungs, causing long-lasting respiratory depression, refractory pulmonary edema, and other related lung injuries, which may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome or even death in severe cases. Due to the high mortality, poor prognosis, and frequent sequelae, targeted therapies for phosgene exposure are needed. However, there is currently no specific antidote for phosgene poisoning. This paper reviews the literature on the mechanism and treatment strategies to explore new ideas for the treatment of phosgene poisoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222010933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:23:25Z","timestamp":1633901005000},"page":"10933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Mechanism of Phosgene-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Treatment Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Qianying","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sifan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanmei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2018-001072","article-title":"Phosgene use in World War 1 and early evaluations of pathophysiology","volume":"165","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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