{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T04:34:40Z","timestamp":1778301280247,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive T-cells, which arrest immune responses to \u2018Self\u2019 tissues. Some immunosuppressive Tregs that recognize seminal epitopes suppress immune responses to the proteins in semen, in both men and women. We postulated that GBMs express reproductive-associated proteins to manipulate reproductive Tregs and to gain immune privilege. We analyzed four GBM transcriptome databases representing \u2248900 tumors for hypoxia-responsive Tregs, steroidogenic pathways, and sperm\/testicular and placenta-specific genes, stratifying tumors by expression. In silico analysis suggested that the presence of reproductive-associated Tregs in GBM tumors was associated with worse patient outcomes. These tumors have an androgenic signature, express male-specific antigens, and attract reproductive-associated Related Orphan Receptor C (RORC)-Treg immunosuppressive cells. GBM patient sera were interrogated for the presence of anti-sperm\/testicular antibodies, along with age-matched controls, utilizing monkey testicle sections. GBM patient serum contained anti-sperm\/testicular antibodies at levels &gt; six-fold that of controls. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with estrogenic tumors which appear to mimic placental tissue. We demonstrate that RORC-Tregs drive poor patient outcome, and Treg infiltration correlates strongly with androgen levels. Androgens support GBM expression of sperm\/testicular proteins allowing Tregs from the patient\u2019s reproductive system to infiltrate the tumor. In contrast, estrogen appears responsible for MDSC\/TAM immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222010983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T17:29:18Z","timestamp":1634059758000},"page":"10983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hijacking Sexual Immuno-Privilege in GBM\u2014An Immuno-Evasion Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2450-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyn A.","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Baskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda V.","family":"Jenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Baskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03451-6","article-title":"Trends in glioblastoma: Outcomes over time and type of intervention: A systematic evidence based analysis","volume":"147","author":"Wijesekera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1308573","article-title":"A randomized trial of bevacizumab for newly diagnosed glioblastoma","volume":"370","author":"Gilbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","article-title":"The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"131","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.18383\/j.tom.2018.00052","article-title":"Multiparameter MRI Predictors of Long-Term Survival in Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"5","author":"Stringfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx103","article-title":"Current Clinical Brain Tumor Imaging","volume":"81","author":"Mabray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84331-5","article-title":"Assessment of tumor hypoxia and perfusion in recurrent glioblastoma following bevacizumab failure using MRI and 18F-FMISO PET","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S182","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2017.01.33","article-title":"Metabolic sculpting of the mitochondria, cell signaling and the cancer phenotype","volume":"6","author":"Sharpe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-012-9500-5","article-title":"Expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in endometrial and breast cancers","volume":"18","author":"Krzeslak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3510","article-title":"Brain Tumor Initiating Cells Adapt to Restricted Nutrition through Preferential Glucose Uptake","volume":"16","author":"Flavahan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3002-2-11","article-title":"GLUT3 is induced during epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes tumor cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"2","author":"Masin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"6171","article-title":"High gene expression levels of VEGFA and CXCL8 in the peritumoral brain zone are associated with the recurrence of glioblastoma: A bioinformatics analysis","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20111377","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) promotes LDL and VLDL uptake through inducing VLDLR under hypoxia","volume":"441","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2015.05.007","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 pathway: Role, regulation and intervention for cancer therapy","volume":"5","author":"Masoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzywinska, E., and Stockmann, C. (2018). Hypoxia, Metabolism and Immune Cell Function. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6020056"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00737","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Glioma Immune Suppressive Microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Mi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-1355","article-title":"Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subsets Drive Glioblastoma Growth in a Sex-Specific Manner","volume":"10","author":"Bayik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76657-3","article-title":"Distinct regional ontogeny and activation of tumor associated macrophages in human glioblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Landry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0370-y","article-title":"Control of tumor-associated macrophages and T cells in glioblastoma via AHR and CD39","volume":"22","author":"Takenaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-016-1912-8","article-title":"Anti-GITR therapy promotes immunity against malignant glioma in a murine model","volume":"65","author":"Miska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-014-1651-7","article-title":"Increased proportion of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with tumor recurrence and reduced survival in patients with glioblastoma","volume":"64","author":"Sayour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00168","article-title":"The Sweet Surrender: How Myeloid Cell Metabolic Plasticity Shapes the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"6","author":"Sieow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202282","article-title":"A novel Foxp3-related immune prognostic signature for glioblastoma multiforme based on immunogenomic profiling","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-019-1085-6","article-title":"CTLA-4 correlates with immune and clinical characteristics of glioma","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14642-0","article-title":"Heterogeneity of response to immune checkpoint blockade in hypermutated experimental gliomas","volume":"11","author":"Aslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0132-2","article-title":"Agonist anti-GITR monoclonal antibody and stereotactic radiation induce immune-mediated survival advantage in murine intracranial glioma","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takashima, Y., Kawaguchi, A., Hayano, A., and Yamanaka, R. (2019). CD276 and the gene signature composed of GATA3 and LGALS3 enable prognosis prediction of glioblastoma multiforme. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216825"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8635","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900621106","article-title":"Human memory FOXP3+ Tregs secrete IL-17 ex vivo and constitutively express the T(H)17 lineage-specific transcription factor RORgamma t","volume":"106","author":"Ayyoub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.74","article-title":"Foxp3+ T cells expressing ROR\u03b3t represent a stable regulatory T-cell effector lineage with enhanced suppressive capacity during intestinal inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2660","article-title":"Interplay between the TH17 and TReg cell lineages: A (co-)evolutionary perspective","volume":"9","author":"Weaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrnstadt, G.R., and Steinmetz, O.M. (2020). The role of Treg subtypes in glomerulonephritis. Cell Tissue Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03359-7"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014090880","article-title":"ROR\u03b3t(+)Foxp3(+) Cells are an Independent Bifunctional Regulatory T Cell Lineage and Mediate Crescentic GN","volume":"27","author":"Kluger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2019","article-title":"From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract","volume":"100","author":"Matusali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00158","article-title":"Control of Uterine Microenvironment by Foxp3+ Cells Facilitates Embryo Implantation","volume":"4","author":"Teles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"173","article-title":"[CA 125 expression in cervical and vaginal secretions in women in normal reproductive period]","volume":"30","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.6.1129","article-title":"Value of serum CA-125 concentrations as predictors of pregnancy in assisted reproduction cycles","volume":"16","author":"Tavmergen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)00395-6","article-title":"The ratio between carcinoma antigen-125 levels in the seminal plasma and serum may be a marker for fertilization in intracytoplasmic sperm injection","volume":"68","author":"Geva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2009.09.356","article-title":"Suppressive activity rather than frequency of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells is essential for CA-125-specific T-cell activation after abagovomab treatment","volume":"71","author":"Reinartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.48","article-title":"The majority of murine \u03b3\u03b4 T cells at the maternal\u2013fetal interface in pregnancy produce IL-17","volume":"94","author":"Pinget","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02907","article-title":"VIP Promotes Recruitment of Tregs to the Uterine\u2013Placental Interface During the Peri-Implantation Period to Sustain a Tolerogenic Microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Gallino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4224","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI122182","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in embryo implantation and the immune response to pregnancy","volume":"128","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0330-6","article-title":"Microbiota-dependent expansion of testicular IL-17-producing V\u03b36+ \u03b3\u03b4 T cells upon puberty promotes local tissue immune surveillance","volume":"14","author":"Wilharm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/7.6.505","article-title":"MUC1 in normal and impaied spermatogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Franke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del164","article-title":"Mucin gene expression in human male urogenital tract epithelia","volume":"21","author":"Russo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.01.022","article-title":"Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Regulates the Fate Decision between Pathogenic Th17 and Regulatory T Cells","volume":"30","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C350","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00191.2015","article-title":"Physiologic hypoxia and oxygen homeostasis in the healthy intestine. A Review in the Theme: Cellular Responses to Hypoxia","volume":"309","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"H489","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal oxygenation influences absorptive hyperemia","volume":"239","author":"Bohlen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R801","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00203.2011","article-title":"Aging and exercise training reduce testes microvascular PO2 and alter vasoconstrictor responsiveness in testicular arterioles","volume":"301","author":"Dominguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01858-7","article-title":"Hypoxic prostate\/muscle po2 ratio predicts for biochemical failure in patients with prostate cancer: Preliminary findings","volume":"60","author":"Movsas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019374","article-title":"Unexpected low oxygen tension of intravaginal culture","volume":"11","author":"Fukuda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91687-6","article-title":"Vaginal PO2 in healthy women and in women infected with Trichomonas vaginalis: Potential implications for metronidazole therapy","volume":"166","author":"Rashad","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01422.2004","article-title":"In vivo assessment of human vaginal oxygen and carbon dioxide levels during and post menses","volume":"99","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130676","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20130676","article-title":"Defining normoxia, physoxia and hypoxia in tumours-implications for treatment response","volume":"87","author":"McKeown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1628","article-title":"Detection and characterization of tumor hypoxia using pO2 histography","volume":"9","author":"Vaupel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2019.108556","article-title":"The effect of finasteride and dutasteride on the synthesis of neurosteroids by glioblastoma cells","volume":"155","author":"Valdez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108733","article-title":"Dutasteride combined with androgen receptor antagonists inhibit glioblastoma U87 cell metabolism, proliferation, and invasion capacity: Androgen regulation","volume":"164","author":"Orozco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2017.31","article-title":"Upregulation of CYP17A1 by Sp1-mediated DNA demethylation confers temozolomide resistance through DHEA-mediated protection in glioma","volume":"6","author":"Chuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H.Y., Ko, C.Y., Kao, T.J., Yang, W.B., Tsai, Y.T., Chuang, J.Y., Hu, S.L., Yang, P.Y., Lo, W.L., and Hsu, T.I. (2019). CYP17A1 Maintains the Survival of Glioblastomas by Regulating SAR1-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Health and Redox Homeostasis. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091378"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2013.10.012","article-title":"Role of aldo-keto reductase family 1 (AKR1) enzymes in human steroid metabolism","volume":"79","author":"Penning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Vega, A.M., Del Moral-Morales, A., Zamora-S\u00e1nchez, C.J., Pi\u00f1a-Medina, A.G., Gonz\u00e1lez-Arenas, A., and Camacho-Arroyo, I. (2020). Estradiol Induces Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition of Human Glioblastoma Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091930"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1696","article-title":"Androgen Receptor, Although Not a Specific Marker For, Is a Novel Target to Suppress Glioma Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for Glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17102-w","article-title":"Oestrogen Receptor-\u03b1 binds the FOXP3 promoter and modulates regulatory T-cell function in human cervical cancer","volume":"7","author":"Adurthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishikawa, A., Wada, T., Nishimura, S., Ito, T., Okekawa, A., Onogi, Y., Watanabe, E., Sameshima, A., Tanaka, T., and Tsuneki, H. (2020). Estrogen regulates sex-specific localization of regulatory T cells in adipose tissue of obese female mice. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230885"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803654","article-title":"Systemic reduction of functionally suppressive CD4dimCD25highFoxp3+ Tregs in human second trimester pregnancy is induced by progesterone and 17beta-estradiol","volume":"183","author":"Svensson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11350","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11350","article-title":"Sex bias in CNS autoimmune disease mediated by androgen control of autoimmune regulator","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E14-08-1323","article-title":"Androgen receptor modulates Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells","volume":"26","author":"Walecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-19-0371","article-title":"Enzalutamide, an Androgen Receptor Antagonist, Enhances Myeloid Cell-Mediated Immune Suppression and Tumor Progression","volume":"8","author":"Consiglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharpe, M.A., Ijare, O.B., Baskin, D.S., Baskin, A.M., Baskin, B.N., and Pichumani, K. (2021). The Leloir Cycle in Glioblastoma: Galactose Scavenging and Metabolic Remodeling. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081815"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA118.000792","article-title":"Identification of Tumor Antigens Among the HLA Peptidomes of Glioblastoma Tumors and Plasma","volume":"17","author":"Shraibman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3049","article-title":"Novel cancer-testis antigen expression on glioma cell lines derived from high-grade glioma patients","volume":"31","author":"Akiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.950","article-title":"Expression of cancer\/testis antigens is correlated with improved survival in glioblastoma","volume":"4","author":"Freitas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-1077","article-title":"Identification of potential serum biomarkers of glioblastoma: Serum osteopontin levels correlate with poor prognosis","volume":"19","author":"Sreekanthreddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, K., Ballesteros, A., Mentink-Kane, M., Warren, J., Rattila, S., Malech, H., Kang, E., and Dveksler, G. (2016). PSG9 Stimulates Increase in FoxP3+ Regulatory T-Cells through the TGF-\u03b21 Pathway. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158050"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timganova, V.P., Zamorina, S.A., Litvinova, L.S., Todosenko, N.M., Bochkova, M.S., Khramtsov, P.V., and Rayev, M.B. (2020). The effects of human pregnancy-specific \u03b21-glycoprotein preparation on Th17 polarization of CD4+ cells and their cytokine profile. BMC Immunol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-020-00385-6"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1515\/abm-2020-0033","article-title":"Expression and clinical importance of a newly discovered alternative splice variant of the gene for acrosin binding protein found in human brain tumors","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Biomed."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.5799","article-title":"Serum immunoreactivity of cancer\/testis antigen OY-TES-1 and its tissues expression in glioma","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542152","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/542152","article-title":"Mucins Help to Avoid Alloreactivity at the Maternal Fetal Interface","volume":"2013","author":"Redzovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.11.030","article-title":"MUC1 Oncoprotein Stabilizes and Activates Estrogen Receptor \u03b1","volume":"21","author":"Wei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.2.590","article-title":"Human Endometrial Mucin MUC1 Is Up-Regulated by Progesterone and Down-Regulated In Vitro by the Human Blastocyst1","volume":"64","author":"Meseguer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-4905","article-title":"MUC1, a New Hypoxia Inducible Factor Target Gene, Is an Actor in Clear Renal Cell Carcinoma Tumor Progression","volume":"69","author":"Aubert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-07-730614","article-title":"MUC1-mediated induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"129","author":"Pyzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75457-z","article-title":"Inhibition of MUC1 exerts cell-cycle arrest and telomerase suppression in glioblastoma cells","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.02.019","article-title":"Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.12.020","article-title":"Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1","volume":"17","author":"Verhaak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43173-y","article-title":"Relevance of a TCGA-derived Glioblastoma Subtype Gene-Classifier among Patient Populations","volume":"9","author":"Teo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now247","article-title":"GlioVis data portal for visualization and analysis of brain tumor expression datasets","volume":"19","author":"Bowman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14069","article-title":"Regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer: Can Treg cells be a new therapeutic target?","volume":"110","author":"Ohue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.06.028","article-title":"Rationale for anti-GITR cancer immunotherapy","volume":"67","author":"Knee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.021","article-title":"Generation of ROR\u03b3t(+) Antigen-Specific T Regulatory 17 Cells from Foxp3(+) Precursors in Autoimmunity","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57456","article-title":"GATA3 controls Foxp3\u207a regulatory T cell fate during inflammation in mice","volume":"121","author":"Wohlfert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2476","article-title":"GATA3 and the T-cell lineage: Essential functions before and after T-helper-2-cell differentiation","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46171","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846171","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals distinct inflammation-induced microglia signatures","volume":"19","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L477","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00322.2016","article-title":"Estrogen and cigarette sidestream smoke particulate matter exhibit ER\u03b1-dependent tumor-promoting effects in lung adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"313","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-6553-9","article-title":"Progesterone regulation of implantation-related genes: New insights into the role of oestrogen","volume":"64","author":"Dassen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-1813","article-title":"Comparative Cistromics Reveals Genomic Cross-talk between FOXA1 and ER\u03b1 in Tamoxifen-Associated Endometrial Carcinomas","volume":"76","author":"Droog","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25815","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4441","article-title":"SERPINA1 is a direct estrogen receptor target gene and a predictor of survival in breast cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1082","article-title":"Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110\u03b4 mediates estrogen- and FSH-stimulated ovarian follicle growth","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, M.J., Chen, X.D., Zhou, X.L., Wan, Y.J., Lan, B., Zhang, C.Z., and Cao, Y. (2014). Estrogen induces Vav1 expression in human breast cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099052"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2020.10.005","article-title":"Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA): A Comprehensive Resource with Functional Genomic Data from Chinese Gliomas","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9065","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2307","article-title":"Intrinsic Gene Expression Profiles of Gliomas Are a Better Predictor of Survival than Histology","volume":"69","author":"Gravendeel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02302-2","article-title":"Deciphering myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Isolation and markers in humans, mice and non-human primates","volume":"68","author":"Cassetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother. CII"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22336.x","article-title":"Androgen regulation of the human hair follicle: The type I hair keratin hHa7 is a direct target gene in trichocytes","volume":"122","author":"Langbein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Derm."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm261","article-title":"Clustering microarray-derived gene lists through implicit literature relationships","volume":"23","author":"Burkart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44007-7","article-title":"Hair Proteome Variation at Different Body Locations on Genetically Variant Peptide Detection for Protein-Based Human Identification","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12278","article-title":"Keratins of the human occipital hair medulla: Androgenic regulation of in vitro hair keratin K37 expression","volume":"169","author":"Yoshida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"5871","article-title":"Hypoxia modifies the polarization of macrophages and their inflammatory microenvironment, and inhibits malignant behavior in cancer cells","volume":"18","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03908-1","article-title":"Progesterone prevents epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ovine amniotic epithelial cells and enhances their immunomodulatory properties","volume":"7","author":"Canciello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"217","article-title":"\u03b2Klotho inhibits androgen\/androgen receptor-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer through inactivation of ERK1\/2 signaling","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"0505-19","article-title":"Estradiol Increases Microglial Response to Lipopolysaccharide in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus during the Peripubertal Sensitive Period in Female Mice","volume":"7","author":"Holder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras-Z\u00e1rate, M.J., and Cittelly, D.M. (2020). Sex steroid hormone function in the brain niche: Implications for brain metastatic colonization and progression. Cancer Rep., e1241.","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1241"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.08.007","article-title":"Progesterone therapy induces an M1 to M2 switch in microglia phenotype and suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome in a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model","volume":"51","author":"Aryanpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12757","article-title":"Androgen alleviates neurotoxicity of \u03b2-amyloid peptide (A\u03b2) by promoting microglial clearance of A\u03b2 and inhibiting microglial inflammatory response to A\u03b2","volume":"23","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1558","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1084","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b2 and fetoplacental endothelial prostanoid biosynthesis: A link to clinically demonstrated fetal growth restriction","volume":"96","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.09.076","article-title":"Estrogen up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 via estrogen receptor in human uterine microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"81","author":"Tamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.008","article-title":"Molecular Profiling and Functional Analysis of Macrophage-Derived Tumor Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"27","author":"Cianciaruso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3364","article-title":"Estrogen Deficiency-Mediated M2 Macrophage Osteoclastogenesis Contributes to M1\/M2 Ratio Alteration in Ovariectomized Osteoporotic Mice","volume":"33","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.05.015","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate drives M2 macrophage differentiation toward a phenotype of decidual macrophage","volume":"452","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang, Q., Yidong, X., Xueguang, Z., Sixian, W., Wenming, X., and Tao, Z. (2019). ETA-mediated anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy ameliorates the phenotype of PCOS model induced by letrozole. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217495"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korbecki, J., Olbromski, M., and Dzi\u0119giel, P. (2020). CCL18 in the Progression of Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217955"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89927","article-title":"Egress of sperm autoantigen from seminiferous tubules maintains systemic tolerance","volume":"127","author":"Tung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.08.004","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and vasectomy","volume":"100","author":"Rival","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7511","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017615108","article-title":"Regulatory T cells control tolerogenic versus autoimmune response to sperm in vasectomy","volume":"108","author":"Wheeler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48391-3","article-title":"Infertility in mice after unilateral vasectomy","volume":"43","author":"Kessler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"73","article-title":"Human sperm antigens and antisperm antibodies. II. Age-related incidence of antisperm antibodies","volume":"25","author":"Tung","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-25-7-859","article-title":"Immunological and testicular response in man sensitized with human testicular homogenate","volume":"25","author":"Mancini","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"425","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune orchitis after neonatal thymectomy in the mouse","volume":"46","author":"Taguchi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908735","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/908735","article-title":"The Molecular Evolution of Animal Reproductive Tract Proteins: What Have We Learned from Mating-System Comparisons?","volume":"2011","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17339-6","article-title":"Tumors induce de novo steroid biosynthesis in T cells to evade immunity","volume":"11","author":"Mahata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2008). Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature, 455, 1061\u20131068.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07385"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"13","article-title":"Physiological sex differences in microglia and their relevance in neurological disorders","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2017.1379503","article-title":"Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR) 1C3 inhibitors: A patent review","volume":"27","author":"Penning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pat."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-07-0092","article-title":"Intratumoral concentration of sex steroids and expression of sex steroid-producing enzymes in ductal carcinoma in situ of human breast","volume":"15","author":"Shibuya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-01737-1","article-title":"Orphan nuclear receptors as regulators of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"40","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E367","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1997","article-title":"Increased activation of the alternative \u201cbackdoor\u201d pathway in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Evidence from urinary steroid hormone analysis","volume":"97","author":"Kamrath","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13728","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107898108","article-title":"Dihydrotestosterone synthesis bypasses testosterone to drive castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"108","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R175","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-10-0339","article-title":"Intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in prostate cancer pathogenesis and response to therapy","volume":"18","author":"Cai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0644","article-title":"Potential prostate cancer drug target: Bioactivation of androstanediol by conversion to dihydrotestosterone","volume":"17","author":"Mohler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.36.6_suppl.340","article-title":"CYP11A1 inhibition as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer","volume":"36","author":"Oksala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.09.117","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of castration-resistant prostate cancer progression","volume":"5","author":"Dutt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601879","article-title":"Hormonal impact of the 17alpha-hydroxylase\/C(17,20)-lyase inhibitor abiraterone acetate (CB7630) in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"90","author":"Judson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-509X.12345","article-title":"Affordable image analysis using NIH Image\/ImageJ","volume":"41","author":"Girish","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6582","article-title":"Monoamine oxidase B levels are highly expressed in human gliomas and are correlated with the expression of HiF-1\u03b1 and with transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3","volume":"7","author":"Sharpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13990","article-title":"New insights into the evolutionary origins of the recombination-activating gene proteins and V(D)J recombination","volume":"284","author":"Carmona","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31720","article-title":"APC-derived cytokines and T cell polarization in autoimmune inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Gutcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00485","article-title":"Estimating the diversity, completeness, and cross-reactivity of the T cell repertoire","volume":"4","author":"Zarnitsyna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coisb.2019.10.001","article-title":"How many different clonotypes do immune repertoires contain?","volume":"18","author":"Mora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00773","article-title":"Thymic Function Associated With Cancer Development, Relapse, and Antitumor Immunity\u2014A Mini-Review","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10468","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201131109","article-title":"Regulatory T cells use programmed death 1 ligands to directly suppress autoreactive B cells in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Gotot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.063578","article-title":"Mouse Sertoli cells display phenotypical and functional traits of antigen-presenting cells in response to interferon gamma","volume":"78","author":"Riccioli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06308.x","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy: Known and novel aspects of the syndrome","volume":"1246","author":"Kisand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"e21397","article-title":"Sperm proteins and cancer-testis antigens are released by the seminiferous tubules in mice and men","volume":"35","author":"Rebourcet","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy009","article-title":"Infectious, inflammatory and \u2018autoimmune\u2019 male factor infertility: How do rodent models inform clinical practice?","volume":"24","author":"Fijak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019008986858","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of murine autoimmune orchitis with sperm-specific T lymphoblasts","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2018.83025","article-title":"Etiology of Antisperm Antibodies in the Serum of Virgins","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"261","article-title":"Frequency of antisperm antibodies in infertile women","volume":"12","author":"Mahdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12107","article-title":"Seminal Fluid and the Generation of Regulatory T Cells for Embryo Implantation","volume":"69","author":"Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.08.003","article-title":"Activating T regulatory cells for tolerance in early pregnancy\u2014The contribution of seminal fluid","volume":"83","author":"Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202089","article-title":"Semen Promotes the Differentiation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells","volume":"189","author":"Cabrini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01441","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 Antagonizes TGF-\u03b2 Actions During the Differentiation of Monocytes Into Dendritic Cells","volume":"9","author":"Paletta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00771","article-title":"Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells Interactions With Natural Killer Cells and Pro-angiogenic Activities: Roles in Tumor Progression","volume":"10","author":"Bruno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-1440-1-15","article-title":"Generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells using prostaglandin E2","volume":"1","author":"Obermajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplant. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00220.x","article-title":"Concentration of prostaglandins in seminal fluid of fertile men","volume":"10","author":"Bendvold","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13650","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13650","article-title":"IL-11 induces differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells through activation of STAT3 signalling pathway","volume":"5","author":"Sumida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800063","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201800063","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 Control of Adaptive Immune Tolerance: A Break from Treg Cells","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioEssays News Rev. Mol. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu047","article-title":"Seminal plasma induces global transcriptomic changes associated with cell migration, proliferation and viability in endometrial epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202947","article-title":"Trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86: A molecular basis for the cell-extrinsic function of CTLA-4","volume":"332","author":"Qureshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343601","article-title":"Cell-extrinsic CTLA4-mediated regulation of dendritic cell maturation depends on STAT3","volume":"44","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00911","article-title":"The Tolerogenic Function of Regulatory T Cells in Pregnancy and Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Persson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00573","article-title":"New Paradigm in the Role of Regulatory T Cells during Pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Tsuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(32)91129-6","article-title":"Temporary sterilization by the injection of human spermatozoa. A preliminary report","volume":"24","author":"Baskin","year":"1932","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868196","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/868196","article-title":"Immunocontraceptives: New approaches to fertility control","volume":"2014","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/20\/10983\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:11:58Z","timestamp":1760166718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/20\/10983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222010983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222010983","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]}}}