{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:36:19Z","timestamp":1789140979041,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Noradrenaline (NE) is a catecholamine acting as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, with relevant effects in modulating feeding behavior and satiety. Several studies have assessed the relationship between the noradrenergic system and Eating Disorders (EDs). This systematic review aims to report the existing literature on the role of the noradrenergic system in the development and treatment of EDs. A total of 35 studies were included. Preclinical studies demonstrated an involvement of the noradrenergic pathways in binge-like behaviors. Genetic studies on polymorphisms in genes coding for NE transporters and regulating enzymes have shown conflicting evidence. Clinical studies have reported non-unanimous evidence for the existence of absolute alterations in plasma NE values in patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN). Pharmacological studies have documented the efficacy of noradrenaline-modulating therapies in the treatment of BN and Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Insufficient evidence was found concerning the noradrenergic-mediated genetics of BED and BN, and psychopharmacological treatments targeting the noradrenergic system in AN. According to these data, further studies are required to expand the existing knowledge on the noradrenergic system as a potential target for treatments of EDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T22:42:18Z","timestamp":1634251338000},"page":"11086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Role of the Noradrenergic System in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7540-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Pruccoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell\u2019Alimentazione in et\u00e0 Evolutiva, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell\u2019et\u00e0 Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Parmeggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell\u2019Alimentazione in et\u00e0 Evolutiva, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell\u2019et\u00e0 Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1367-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duccio","family":"Cordelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell\u2019Alimentazione in et\u00e0 Evolutiva, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell\u2019et\u00e0 Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Lanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico di S. Orsola, U.O. 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