{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:26:05Z","timestamp":1772252765551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ4\/03678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ4\/03678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POWR.03.02.00-00-I028\/17-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.02.00-00-I028\/17-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Initial seizures observed in young rats during the 60 min after administration of pilocarpine (Pilo) were delayed and attenuated by pretreatment with a non-convulsive dose of methionine sulfoximine (MSO). We hypothesized that the effect of MSO results from a) glutamine synthetase block-mediated inhibition of conversion of Glu\/Gln precursors to neurotransmitter Glu, and\/or from b) altered synaptic Glu release. Pilo was administered 60 min prior to sacrifice, MSO at 75 mg\/kg, i.p., 2.5 h earlier. [1,2-13C]acetate and [U-13C]glucose were i.p.-injected either together with Pilo (short period) or 15 min before sacrifice (long period). Their conversion to Glu and Gln in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex was followed using [13C] gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Release of in vitro loaded Glu surrogate, [3H]d-Asp from ex vivo brain slices was monitored in continuously collected superfusates. [3H]d-Asp uptake was tested in freshly isolated brain slices. At no time point nor brain region did MSO modify incorporation of [13C] to Glu or Gln in Pilo-treated rats. MSO pretreatment decreased by ~37% high potassium-induced [3H]d-Asp release, but did not affect [3H]d-Asp uptake. The results indicate that MSO at a non-convulsive dose delays the initial Pilo-induced seizures by interfering with synaptic Glu-release but not with neurotransmitter Glu recycling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T13:35:47Z","timestamp":1634304947000},"page":"11127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Inhibition of Glutamate Release, but Not of Glutamine Recycling to Glutamate, Is Involved in Delaying the Onset of Initial Lithium-Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures in Young Rats by a Non-Convulsive MSO Dose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9060-7230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek J.","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanca I.","family":"Aldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lautaro F.","family":"Belfiori-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Obara-Michlewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4394-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz P.","family":"Popek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4235-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Czarnecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03913.x","article-title":"The glutamate\/GABA-glutamine cycle: Aspects of transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis and ammonia transfer","volume":"98","author":"Bak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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