{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:58:41Z","timestamp":1760986721430,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to different oral and dental conditions, oral mucosa lesions such as those caused by the human papilloma virus and temporomandibular joint pathologies often have to be treated by surgical, ablative or extractive procedures. The treatment and control of pain and inflammation during these procedures is essential to guarantee the patient\u2019s well-being. For the foregoing reason, a hydrogel based on sodium alginate and hyaluronic acid containing 2% of ketorolac tromethamine has been developed. We characterized it physically, mechanically and morphologically. The rheological results suggest that the formulation can be easily and gently applied. Ex vivo permeation studies show that Ketorolac Tromethamine is able to penetrate through the buccal and sublingual mucosae, in addition to being retained in the mucosae\u2019s structure. Through an in vitro test, we were able to evaluate the role that saliva plays in the bioavailability of the drug, observing that more than half of the applied dose is eliminated in an hour. The histological and cytotoxic studies performed on pigs in vivo showed the excellent safety profile of the formulation, as well as its high tolerability. In parallel, a biomimetic artificial membrane (PermeaPad\u00ae) was evaluated, and it showed a high degree of correlation with the oral and sublingual mucosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T23:05:47Z","timestamp":1634511947000},"page":"11158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HPV Lesions and Other Issues in the Oral Cavity Treatment and Removal without Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Salima","family":"El Moussaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Mallandrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Garr\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Calpena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Lagunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8224-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reig-Jofre Laboratories, Av. de les Flors s\/n, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-019-01003-7","article-title":"HPV-Related Papillary Lesions of the Oral Mucosa: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Betz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.22817","article-title":"Benign epithelial oral lesions\u2014Association with human papillomavirus","volume":"24","author":"Pina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. 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