{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:51:28Z","timestamp":1790905888091,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AR075193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AR075193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["2T32GM008365-26A 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2T32GM008365-26A 1"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01DC012049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC012049"]}]},{"name":"Iowa Center for Undergraduate Research","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012675","name":"Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Graduate College Iowa Recruitment Fellowship","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mutations in the LMNA gene cause diseases called laminopathies. LMNA encodes lamins A and C, intermediate filaments with multiple roles at the nuclear envelope. LMNA mutations are frequently single base changes that cause diverse disease phenotypes affecting muscles, nerves, and fat. Disease-associated amino acid substitutions were mapped in silico onto three-dimensional structures of lamin A\/C, revealing no apparent genotype\u2013phenotype connections. In silico analyses revealed that seven of nine predicted partner protein binding pockets in the Ig-like fold domain correspond to sites of disease-associated amino acid substitutions. Different amino acid substitutions at the same position within lamin A\/C cause distinct diseases, raising the question of whether the nature of the amino acid replacement or genetic background differences contribute to disease phenotypes. Substitutions at R249 in the rod domain cause muscular dystrophies with varying severity. To address this variability, we modeled R249Q and R249W in Drosophila Lamin C, an orthologue of LMNA. Larval body wall muscles expressing mutant Lamin C caused abnormal nuclear morphology and premature death. When expressed in indirect flight muscles, R249W caused a greater number of adults with wing posturing defects than R249Q, consistent with observations that R249W and R249Q cause distinct muscular dystrophies, with R249W more severe. In this case, the nature of the amino acid replacement appears to dictate muscle disease severity. Together, our findings illustrate the utility of Drosophila for predicting muscle disease severity and pathogenicity of variants of unknown significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T22:52:47Z","timestamp":1634683967000},"page":"11226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["In Silico and In Vivo Analysis of Amino Acid Substitutions That Cause Laminopathies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Benjamin E.","family":"Hinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney G.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose A.","family":"Gogal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Schnieders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori L.","family":"Wallrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-121219-083616","article-title":"The Laminopathies and the Insights They Provide into the Structural and Functional Organization of the Nucleus","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. 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