{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:06:59Z","timestamp":1792613219502,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST- 110-2314-B-002 -130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST- 110-2314-B-002 -130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-107-2314-B-002-027-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-107-2314-B-002-027-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-104-2314-B-002-126-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-104-2314-B-002-126-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTUH-106-S3574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTUH-106-S3574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTUH-107-S3826, NTUH.108-P02, NTUH-110-S5063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTUH-107-S3826, NTUH.108-P02, NTUH-110-S5063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin widely found in various foods and feeds that have a deleterious effect on humans and animals. It has been shown that OTA causes multiorgan toxicity, and the kidney is the main target of OTA among them. This present article aims to review recent and latest intracellular molecular interactions and signaling pathways of OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. Pyroptosis, lipotoxicity, organic anionic membrane transporter, autophagy, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and histone acetyltransferase have been involved in the renal toxicity caused by OTA. Meanwhile, the literature reviewed the alternative or method against OTA toxicity by reducing ROS production, oxidative stress, activating the Nrf2 pathway, through using nanoparticles, a natural flavonoid, and metal supplement. The present review discloses the molecular mechanism of OTA-induced nephrotoxicity, providing opinions and strategies against OTA toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T22:52:47Z","timestamp":1634683967000},"page":"11237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Ochratoxin A-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Up-to-Date Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1040-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong-Sun","family":"Khoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2879-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Huang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9021-4616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Kang","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Yu","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030210151895","article-title":"Detection of ochratoxin A in animal feeds and capacity to produce this mycotoxin by Aspergillus section Nigri in Argentina","volume":"19","author":"Dalcero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Addit. 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