{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:41Z","timestamp":1787028461824,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) are a diverse group of conditions that are often characterized by the loss of photoreceptors and blindness. Recent innovations in molecular biology and genomics have allowed us to identify the causative defects behind these dystrophies and to design therapeutics that target specific mechanisms of retinal disease. Recently, the FDA approved the first in vivo gene therapy for one of these hereditary blinding conditions. Current clinical trials are exploring new therapies that could provide treatment for a growing number of retinal dystrophies. While the field has had early success with gene augmentation strategies for treating retinal disease based on loss-of-function mutations, many novel approaches hold the promise of offering therapies that span the full spectrum of causative mutations and mechanisms. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the approaches currently in development including a discussion of retinal neuroprotection, gene therapies (gene augmentation, gene editing, RNA modification, optogenetics), and regenerative stem or precursor cell-based therapies. Our review focuses on technologies that are being developed for clinical translation or are in active clinical trials and discusses the advantages and limitations for each approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:54:33Z","timestamp":1635292473000},"page":"11542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Next Generation of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics for Inherited Retinal Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Martinez Velazquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4644-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian G.","family":"Ballios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302812","article-title":"Gene therapy progress and prospects: The eye","volume":"13","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302030","article-title":"Immune response following intraocular delivery of recombinant viral vectors","volume":"10","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa7a27","article-title":"Gene therapy for inherited retinal degenerations: Initial successes and future challenges","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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