{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:59:06Z","timestamp":1787738346901,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I-17-ICTS-056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-17-ICTS-056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic foot infection is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations worldwide. In addition, diabetes mellitus and sequela of the disease are increasing in prevalence. In 2017, 9.4% of Americans were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). The growing pervasiveness and financial implications of diabetic foot infection (DFI) indicate an acute need for improved clinical assessment and treatment. Complex pathophysiology and suboptimal specificity of current non-invasive imaging modalities have made diagnosis and treatment response challenging. Current anatomical and molecular clinical imaging strategies have mainly targeted the host\u2019s immune responses rather than the unique metabolism of the invading microorganism. Advances in imaging have the potential to reduce the impact of these problems and improve the assessment of DFI, particularly in distinguishing infection of soft tissue alone from osteomyelitis (OM). This review presents a summary of the known pathophysiology of DFI, the molecular basis of current and emerging diagnostic imaging techniques, and the mechanistic links of these imaging techniques to the pathophysiology of diabetic foot infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:54:33Z","timestamp":1635292473000},"page":"11552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Katie","family":"Rubitschung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Sherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Crisologo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Bhavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dane K.","family":"Wukich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Castellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"La Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avneesh","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Lavery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5846-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orhan K.","family":"\u00d6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019, October 08). 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