{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:28:34Z","timestamp":1793381314942,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rijeka","award":["biomed-uniri-18-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["biomed-uniri-18-43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a recurrent, chronic, immune-mediated, systemic inflammatory disease of the skin, joints, and other organic systems. After atopic dermatitis, chronic stationary psoriasis is the most common inflammatory skin disease, affecting an average of 2\u20134% of the world\u2019s population. The disease carries a significant burden due to its numerous comorbidities and the major impact on patients\u2019 social and emotional aspects of life. According to current knowledge, psoriasis is a multifactorial disease that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals under various environmental factors, which trigger an immune response disorder with a series of complex inflammatory cascades. The disease is initiated and maintained by mutual interaction of the innate and adaptive immune cells, primarily dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and keratinocytes, whose leading role alternates at different stages of the disease, consisting mainly in the IL-23\/Th17 pathway. Inflammatory events result in consequent epidermal and dermal changes and evolution of the characteristic psoriatic phenotype, respectively. This paper aims to present a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on psoriasis genetic and environmental etiological factors, immunopathogenesis, and the leading cellular and cytokine participants in the inflammatory pathways of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:54:33Z","timestamp":1635292473000},"page":"11574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Current Concepts of Psoriasis Immunopathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Marijana","family":"Vi\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Ka\u0161telan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Brajac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlatka","family":"Soto\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Tome Stri\u017ei\u0107a 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3572-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larisa Prpi\u0107","family":"Massari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendon, A., and Schakel, K. (2019). Psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061475"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1719833","article-title":"Epidemiology of major chronic inflammatory immune-related skin diseases in 2019","volume":"16","author":"Pezzolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronholt, K., and Iversen, L. (2017). Old and new biological therapies for psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112297"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13854","article-title":"A systematic review of worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis","volume":"31","author":"Michalek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Veneorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-017-1065-z","article-title":"\u201cInflammatory skin march\u201d in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"66","author":"Furue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164169","article-title":"Psoriasis: New comorbidities","volume":"91","author":"Bavoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.07.064","article-title":"Psoriasis and comorbid diseases: Epidemiology","volume":"76","author":"Takeshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1159\/000500116","article-title":"Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"Cottone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.64.04.368","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and psoriasis: A study in 97 patients","volume":"64","author":"Ferdinando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.10.024","article-title":"Risk of incident liver disease in patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis: A population-based study","volume":"138","author":"Ogdie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00579","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and cardiovascular comorbidity in psoriasis patients: Causes and consequences","volume":"9","author":"Boehncke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01346-6","article-title":"Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Risk: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"37","author":"Masson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14546","article-title":"Increased airway inflammation in patients with psoriasis","volume":"175","author":"Damiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13988","article-title":"Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy in psoriasis reduces proinflammatory cytokine levels and improves vitiligo and neutrophilic asthma","volume":"173","author":"Malerba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140682","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3140682","article-title":"Psoriasis and respiratory comorbidities: The added value of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide as a new method to detect, evaluate, and monitor psoriatic systemic involvement and therapeutic efficacy","volume":"2018","author":"Santus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14032","article-title":"Stress and psoriasis","volume":"57","author":"Rousset","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15021","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and mortality of patients with psoriasis: A U.K. population-based cohort study","volume":"176","author":"Springate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.12.037","article-title":"All-cause and cause-specific mortality in psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Dhana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.01.039","article-title":"Risk of serious infection, opportunistic infection, and herpes zoster among patients with psoriasis in the United Kingdom","volume":"138","author":"Takeshita","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capon, F. (2017). The genetic basis of psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122526"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2020.96243","article-title":"Pathogenesis of psoriasis in the \u201comic\u201d era. Part II. Genetic, genomic and epigenetic changes in psoriasis","volume":"37","author":"Nedoszytko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postepy. Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00030","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3384","article-title":"Psoriasis and Genetics","volume":"100","author":"Dand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16083","article-title":"HLA-Cw6 and psoriasis","volume":"178","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"18","article-title":"Psoriasis risk factors and triggers","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamiya, K., Kishimoto, M., Sugai, J., Komine, M., and Ohtsuki, M. (2019). Risk factors for the development of psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184347"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.038","article-title":"HLA-C*06:02 genotype is a predictive biomarker of biologic treatment response in psoriasis","volume":"143","author":"Dand","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8668-1","article-title":"Psoriasis: From pathogenesis to targeted therapies","volume":"54","author":"Conrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000358","article-title":"Pathogenesis and immunotherapy in cutaneous psoriasis: What can rheumatologists learn?","volume":"29","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"305","article-title":"Moderate-to-severe psoriasis and pregnancy: Impact on fertility, pregnancy outcome and treatment perspectives","volume":"154","author":"Caldarola","year":"2019","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16614","article-title":"Clinical and biological impact of the exposome on the skin","volume":"34","author":"Passeron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i6.1002","article-title":"Gut microbiota and nutrient interactions with skin in psoriasis: A comprehensive review of animal and human studies","volume":"8","author":"Damiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.05.023","article-title":"Melanocytes: Target cells of an HLA-C*06:02-restricted autoimmune response in psoriasis","volume":"137","author":"Prinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgescu, S.R., Tampa, M., Caruntu, C., Sarbu, M.I., Mitran, C.I., Mitran, M.I., Matei, C., Constantin, C., and Neagu, M. (2019). Advances in Understanding the immunological pathways in psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030739"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiricozzi, A., Romanelli, P., Volpe, E., Borsellino, G., and Romanelli, M. (2018). Scanning the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010179"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02847","article-title":"Emerging topical and systemic JAK inhibitors in dermatology","volume":"10","author":"Solimani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis: Exploiting pathophysiological pathways for precision medicine","volume":"33","author":"Alwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2020.94832","article-title":"Pathogenesis of psoriasis in the \u201comic\u201d era. Part I. Epidemiology, clinical manifestation, immunological and neuroendocrine disturbances","volume":"37","author":"Samotij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15184","article-title":"Dendritic cells: The driver of psoriasis","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050500","article-title":"Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon-alpha production","volume":"202","author":"Nestle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0539-8","article-title":"Update on psoriasis immunopathogenesis and targeted immunotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Mahil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7215072","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7215072","article-title":"Contribution of in vivo and organotypic 3D models to understanding the role of macrophages and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"2017","author":"Lorthois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-018-0505-z","article-title":"IL-23-induced macrophage polarization and its pathological roles in mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41655-7","article-title":"Monocites\/Macrophages play a pathogenic role in IL-23 mediated psoriasis-like skin inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"7","article-title":"Current knowledge on psoriasis and autoimmune diseases","volume":"6","author":"Soler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psoriasis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.07.010","article-title":"The panoply of \u03b1\u03b2T cells in the skin","volume":"76","author":"Nomura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65109-7","article-title":"Injection of pre-psoriatic skin with CD4+ T cells induces psoriasis","volume":"155","author":"Nickoloff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.046","article-title":"Targeting CD8(+) T cells prevents psoriasis development","volume":"138","author":"Villanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120225","article-title":"Immunology of psoriasis","volume":"32","author":"Lowes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1605","article-title":"Alpha1beta1 integrin is crucial for accumulation of epidermal T cells and the development of psoriasis","volume":"13","author":"Conrad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2016.1166214","article-title":"New insights into the role of T cells in pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Karczewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"159","article-title":"The role of CD8+ T-cells and their cytokines in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MR0718-269R","article-title":"Mechanisms of natural killer cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity","volume":"105","author":"Prager","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0685","article-title":"How do cytotoxic lymphocytes kill cancer cells?","volume":"21","author":"Anel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.02.007","article-title":"Analysis of perforin expression in peripheral blood and lesions in severe and mild psoriasis","volume":"47","author":"Kastelan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Systemic and local increase of granulysin expression in cytotoxic lymphocytes in severe psoriasis","volume":"99","author":"Vicic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06168.x","article-title":"Perforin expression is upregulated in the epidermis of psoriatic lesions","volume":"151","author":"Kastelan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04222.x","article-title":"Perforin and granzyme B may contribute to skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"144","author":"Yawalkar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.12.004","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocytes as a potential brake of keratinocyte proliferation in psoriasis","volume":"87","author":"Vicic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13153","article-title":"More tolerance for dendritic cells in psoriasis","volume":"26","author":"Buhl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"17","article-title":"The role of regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines in psoriasis","volume":"27","author":"Czerwinska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica Adriat."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01764","article-title":"Adaptive and innate immunity in psoriasis and other inflammatory disorders","volume":"10","author":"Schon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owczarczyk Saczonek, A., Krajewska-Wlodarczyk, M., Kasprowicz-Furmanczyk, M., and Placek, W. (2020). Immunological memory of psoriatic lesions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020625"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, Y., Ogawa, E., and Okuyama, R. (2020). Role of innate immune cells in psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186604"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000495291","article-title":"Psoriasis: Keratinocytes or immune Cells\u2014Which is the trigger?","volume":"235","author":"Benhadou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.02.018","article-title":"Dermal \u03b3\u03b4T cells\u2014A new player in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.01.011","article-title":"Dermal \u03b3\u03b4T cells\u2014What have we learned?","volume":"296","author":"Born","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100804","article-title":"Identification of a novel proinflammatory human skin-homing V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cell subset with a potential role in psoriasis","volume":"187","author":"Laggner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2012.15","article-title":"New insights of T cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572924","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.572924","article-title":"Differential skewing of circulating MR1-Restricted and \u03b3\u03b4T cells in human psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"11","author":"Pluzaric","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00242","article-title":"Innate lymphocytes in psoriasis","volume":"11","author":"Polese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12060","article-title":"Skewed distribution of natural killer cells in psoriasis skin lesions","volume":"22","author":"Batista","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535243","article-title":"CD56brightCD16(-) NK cells accumulate in psoriatic skin in response to CXCL10 and CCL5 and exacerbate skin inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-014-0792-7","article-title":"Chemerin\/chemR23 axis in inflammation onset and resolution","volume":"64","author":"Mariani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"248317","article-title":"NK cells and psoriasis","volume":"2011","author":"Dunphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.10.004","article-title":"Natural killer cells from psoriasis vulgaris patients have reduced levels of cytotoxicity associated degranulation and cytokine production","volume":"177","author":"Dunphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2006.04.001","article-title":"A role for KIR gene variants other than KIR2DS1 in conferring susceptibility to psoriasis","volume":"67","author":"PLoSki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00740-9","article-title":"The role of invariant T cells in inflammation of the skin and airways","volume":"41","author":"Yip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00367","article-title":"The role of natural killer T cells in cancer\u2014A phenotypical and functional approach","volume":"9","author":"Krijgsman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4076","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.7.4076","article-title":"Overexpression of CD1d by keratinocytes in psoriasis and CD1d-dependent IFN-gamma production by NK-T cells","volume":"165","author":"Bonish","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(00)00120-1","article-title":"Characterization of a T cell line bearing natural killer receptors and capable of creating psoriasis in a SCID mouse model system","volume":"24","author":"Nickoloff","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5858\/2003-127-0289-RORIIN","article-title":"Reactivity of resident immunocytes in normal and prepsoriatic skin using an ex vivo skin-explant model system","volume":"127","author":"Curry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07301.x","article-title":"Increased expression of the natural killer cell inhibitory receptor CD94\/NKG2A and CD158b on circulating and lesional T cells in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis","volume":"155","author":"Liao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furue, M., Furue, K., Tsuji, G., and Nakahara, T. (2020). Interleukin-17A and keratinocytes in psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041275"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606996113","article-title":"Keratinocytes contribute intrinsically to psoriasis upon loss of Tnip1 function","volume":"113","author":"Ippagunta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, T., and Yamasaki, K. (2020). Psoriasis and antimicrobial peptides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186791"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax5849","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax5849","article-title":"Epidermal autonomous VEGFA\/Flt1\/Nrp1 functions mediate psoriasis-like disease","volume":"6","author":"Benhadou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1000 Faculty Rev-770","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7927.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding psoriasis","volume":"5","author":"Eberle","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.03.006","article-title":"Psoriasis vulgaris: Cutaneous lymphoid tissue supports T-cell activation and \u201cType 1\u201d inflammatory gene expression","volume":"25","author":"Lew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.458","article-title":"A single intradermal injection of IFN-gamma induces an inflammatory state in both non-lesional psoriatic and healthy skin","volume":"132","author":"Pierson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.7.4733","article-title":"Induction of IL-17+ T cell trafficking and development by IFN-gamma: Mechanism and pathological relevance in psoriasis","volume":"181","author":"Kryczek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.046","article-title":"Humanized anti-IFN-gamma (HuZAF) in the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"135","author":"Harden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2000.00655-4.x","article-title":"Exacerbation of psoriasis by Interferon-alpha therapy for hepatitis C","volume":"25","author":"Downs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.05.042","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I study of MEDI-545, an anti-interferon-alfa monoclonal antibody, in subjects with chronic psoriasis","volume":"62","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14433","article-title":"The role of IL-23 and the IL-23\/TH 17 immune axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis","volume":"31","author":"Girolomoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060244","article-title":"IL-23 stimulates epidermal hyperplasia via TNF and IL-20R2-dependent mechanisms with implications for psoriasis pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05505","article-title":"Interleukin-22, a T(H)17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis","volume":"445","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.311","article-title":"Genome-wide scan reveals association of psoriasis with IL-23 and NF-kappaB pathways","volume":"41","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030451","article-title":"Increased expression of Interleukin 23 p19 and p40 in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"199","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2010.02.001","article-title":"Anti-p40 antibodies ustekinumab and briakinumab: Blockade of interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 in the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"29","author":"Gandhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"675","article-title":"Cytokines of the IL-17 family in psoriasis","volume":"18","author":"Lauffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8702-3","article-title":"The immunologic role of IL-17 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis pathogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Blauvelt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000148","article-title":"Distinct roles of IL-23 and IL-17 in the development of psoriasis-like lesions in a mouse model","volume":"186","author":"Nakajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiricozzi, A., Nograles, K.E., Johnson-Huang, L.M., Fuentes-Duculan, J., Cardinale, I., Bonifacio, K.M., Gulati, N., Mitsui, H., Guttman-Yassky, E., and Suarez-Farinas, M. (2014). IL-17 induces an expanded range of downstream genes in reconstituted human epidermis model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090284"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1155\/MI.2005.273","article-title":"Serum levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-18 in patients with active psoriasis and correlation with disease severity","volume":"2005","author":"Arican","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109997","article-title":"Anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody ixekizumab in chronic plaque psoriasis","volume":"366","author":"Leonardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109017","article-title":"Brodalumab, an anti-interleukin-17-receptor antibody for psoriasis","volume":"366","author":"Papp","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939473","article-title":"IL-17 and IL-22 mediate IL-20 subfamily cytokine production in cultured keratinocytes via increased IL-22 receptor expression","volume":"39","author":"Tohyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-018-0527-5","article-title":"Interleukin-22 and its correlation with disease activity in plaque psoriasis","volume":"67","author":"Wawrzycki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007217","article-title":"Integrative biology approach identifies cytokine targeting strategies for psoriasis","volume":"6","author":"Perera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2012.712112","article-title":"Discontinued drugs 2011 pulmonary, allergy, gastrointestinal and arthritis","volume":"21","author":"Antoniu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14139","article-title":"Pathogenesis of psoriasis and development of treatment","volume":"45","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-0488.18.06202-8","article-title":"Psoriasis and the TNF\/IL-23\/IL-17 axis","volume":"154","author":"Furue","year":"2019","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13113","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13113","article-title":"Nanodermatology-based solutions for psoriasis: State-of-the art and future prospects","volume":"32","author":"Damiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/21\/11574\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:24:25Z","timestamp":1760167465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/21\/11574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222111574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111574","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]}}}