{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:07:39Z","timestamp":1788566859938,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFS0337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ageratina adenophora is one of the major invasive weeds that causes instability of the ecosystem. Research has reported that A. adenophora produces allelochemicals that inhibit the growth and development of food crops, and also contain some toxic compounds that cause toxicity to animals that consume it. Over the past decades, studies on the identification of major toxic compounds of A. adenophora and their toxic molecular mechanisms have been reported. In addition, weed control interventions, such as herbicides application, was employed to reduce the spread of A. adenophora. However, the development of therapeutic and prophylactic measures to treat the various A. adenophora\u2014induced toxicities, such as hepatotoxicity, splenotoxicity and other related disorders, have not been established to date. The main toxic pathogenesis of A. adenophora is oxidative stress and inflammation. However, numerous studies have verified that some extracts and secondary metabolites isolated from A. adenophora possess anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation activities, which implies that these extracts can relieve toxicity and aid in the development of drug or feed supplements to treat poisoning-related disorders caused by A. adenophora. Furthermore, beneficial bacteria isolated from rumen microbes and A. adenophora can degrade major toxic compounds in A. adenophora so as to be developed into microbial feed additives to help ameliorate toxicity mediated by A. adenophora. This review presents an overview of the toxic mechanisms of A. adenophora, provides possible therapeutic strategies that are available to mitigate the toxicity of A. adenophora and introduces relevant information on identifying novel prophylactic and therapeutic measures against A. adenophora\u2014induced toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T22:00:23Z","timestamp":1635372023000},"page":"11581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["An Overview: The Toxicity of Ageratina adenophora on Animals and Its Possible Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Kumi","family":"Okyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0741-572X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suizhong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuhong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4950-8441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junliang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, X., Lv, S., Zhang, Y., Du, X., Wang, L., Biradar, S.S., Tan, X., Wan, F., and Weining, S. (2012). Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of a Major Invasive Species, Crofton Weed (Ageratina adenophora). PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036869"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1640\/0002-8444-102.3.208","article-title":"Effects of Ageratina adenophora on Spore Germination and Gametophyte Development of Neocheiropteris palmatopedata","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Fern J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190127","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190127","article-title":"Ageratina adenophora causes spleen toxicity by inducing oxidative stress and pyroptosis in mice","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13563","article-title":"Degradation of euptox A by tannase-producing rumen bacteria from migratory goats","volume":"123","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1985.tb06044.x","article-title":"Investigations into Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) toxicity in horses","volume":"62","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"189","article-title":"Possible Use of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. in Animal Feeding","volume":"4","author":"Verma","year":"1987","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620030505","article-title":"Isolation of a compound from Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) [Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)] causing hepatotoxicity in mice","volume":"3","author":"Oelrichs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017933418167","article-title":"Biochemical Alterations in the Blood Plasma of Rats Associated with Hepatotoxicity Induced by Eupatorium adenophorum","volume":"25","author":"Kaushal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Chen, W., Hu, Y., Luo, B., Wu, L., Qiao, Y., Mo, Q., Xu, R., Zhou, Y., and Ren, Z. (2015). E. adenophorum Induces Cell Cycle and Apoptosis of Renal Cells through Mitochondrial Pathway and Caspase Activation in Saanen Goat. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138504"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15967","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15967","article-title":"E. adenophorum induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis of Splenocytes through the Mitochondrial Pathway and Caspase Activation in Saanen Goats","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54537","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10402","article-title":"Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy via Mitochondria- and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR-mediated Pathways by E. adenophorum in Hepatocytes of Saanen Goat","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"436","article-title":"Effects of Eupatorium ade-nophorum on Antioxidant Enzyme Status in a Mice Model","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(16)61403-X","article-title":"Immunotoxicity assessment of cadinene sesquiterpenes from Eupatorium adenophorum in mice","volume":"15","author":"Ouyang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1800645","article-title":"Involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatotoxicity induced by Ageratina adenophora in mice","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-009-9584-3","article-title":"Invasion pattern of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng in southern China","volume":"12","author":"Sang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Lin, H., Feng, Q., Jin, C., Cao, A., and He, L. (2017). A New Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Eupatorium adenophorum under Climate Change in China. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9112037"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"196","article-title":"Physiological Response of Different Croftonweed (Eupatorium adenophorum) Popula-tions to Low Temperature","volume":"2","author":"Hui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34492-7","article-title":"Ageratina adenophora induces mice hepatotoxicity via ROS-NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"159","article-title":"The distribution of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. on the far north coast of New South Wales","volume":"102","author":"Auld","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Progress and prospects in research of an exotic invasive species, Eupatorium adenophorum","volume":"29","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"377","article-title":"Plant diversity of different replaced communities after Eupatorium adenophorum removal","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"25","article-title":"A review of Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Aspects of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng","volume":"8","author":"Tripathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Wolff, M.A. (1999). Winning the War of Weeds: The Essential Gardener\u2019s Guide to Weed Identification and Control, Kangaroo Press."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Scher, J. (2005). Federal Noxious Weed Disseminules of the U.S.: An Interactive Identification Tool for Seeds and Fruit of Plants on the United States Federal Noxious Weed List, CDROM, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Cronk, Q.C.B., and Fuller, J.L. (1995). Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2062-2","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes","volume":"92","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-014-0050-2","article-title":"Toxicity Assessment of Cadinene Sesquiterpenes from Eupatorium adenophorum in Mice","volume":"5","author":"Ouyang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"470","article-title":"Identification of 9-oxo-10,11-dehydroagerophorone in Eupatorium adenophorum by HPLC","volume":"46","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Bull. Bot."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2021.105032","article-title":"Toxic mechanisms and pharmacological properties of euptox A, a toxic monomer from A. adenophora","volume":"155","author":"Okyere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fitoteapia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.10001","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity and Cholestasis in Rats Induced by the Sesquiterpene, 9-oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone, Isolated from Eupatorium adenophorum","volume":"15","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155417722118","article-title":"Euptox A induces G1 Arrest and Autophagy via P38 MAPK- and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR-mediated Pathways in Mouse Splenocytes","volume":"65","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.45.661","article-title":"Euptox A Induces G0\/GI Arrest and Apoptosis of Hepato-cyte via ROS, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Caspases-dependent Pathways in vivo","volume":"45","author":"Okyere","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Z., Gao, P., Okyere, S., Cui, Y., Wen, J., Jing, B., Deng, J., and Hu, Y. (2021). Ageratina adenophora Inhibits Spleen Immune Function in Rats via the Loss of the FRC Network and Th1\u2013Th2 Cell Ratio Elevation. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13050309"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"119","article-title":"Toxicity of Arsenic (III) on Isolated Liver Mitochondria: A New Mechanistic Approach","volume":"12","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"434","article-title":"Dosage-dependent Effects of Eupatorium adenophorum on Saanen Goat Blood Levels and the Histopathology of Several Organs","volume":"35","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pratacult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irazabal, M.V., and Torres, V.E. (2020). Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061342"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3103\/S009639251804003X","article-title":"Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Inflammation: A Minireview","volume":"73","author":"Chelombitko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mosc. Univ. Biol. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12414","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12414","article-title":"Melatonin Alleviates Inflammasome-Induced Pyroptosis Through Inhibiting NF-\u03baB\/GSDMD Signal in Mice Adipose Tissue","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.147","article-title":"Programmed cell death as a defence against infection","volume":"17","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01751-2","article-title":"Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Induce Micro-glia-mediated Neuroinflammation via MAPKs-NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway and Pyroptosis after Secondary Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"163","article-title":"Quantifying Caspase-1 Activity in Murine Macrophages","volume":"1725","author":"Boucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Mass Spectrom. Biomol. Anal."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pyroptosis in Antiviral Immunity","volume":"10","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652963","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.652963","article-title":"Pyroptosis in the Initiation and Progression of Atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pyroptosis: Mechanisms and diseases","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Cheng, A., Cheng, K., Deng, Q., Zhang, S., Lan, Z., Wang, W., and Chen, J. (2020). New Insights into the Mechanisms of Pyroptosis and Implications for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197057"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29268","article-title":"Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis and functions of inflammasomes in diseases","volume":"235","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Okyere, S.K., Gao, P., Wen, J., Cao, S., Wang, Y., Deng, J., and Hu, Y. (2021). Ageratina adenophora Disrupts the Intestinal Structure and Immune Barrier Integrity in Rats. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13090651"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-013-0542-6","article-title":"Chemical Analysis of Essential Oils of Eupatorium adenophorum and Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Phytotoxic Properties","volume":"87","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7189(199802)6:1<1::AID-NT3>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"A Review of the Toxicosis and Biological Properties of the genus Eupatorium","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.09.118","article-title":"Free radical scavenging activity, phenolic contents and cytotoxicity of selected Nigerian medicinal plants","volume":"131","author":"Awah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1675060","article-title":"Two metabolites isolated from endophytic fungus Coni-ochaeta sp. F-8 in Ageratina adenophora exhibit antioxidative activity and cytotoxicity","volume":"35","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1371158","article-title":"Anti-NDV activity of 9-oxo10,11-dehydroageraphorone extracted from Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.02.020","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of botanical extracts from Eupatorium adenophorum against the Sarcoptes scabiei (Sarcoptidae: Sarcoptes) in rabbits","volume":"195","author":"Nong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"196","article-title":"Ovicidal Efficacy Of Ageratina adenophora (Family:Asteraceae) against Anopheles Stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"2","author":"Rajeswary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure Appl. Zool."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.5943\/sif\/3\/1\/29","article-title":"Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of two invasive alien species of Nepal","volume":"3","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. Fungi"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2014.06.001","article-title":"Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. from Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"7","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"61","article-title":"Antimicrobial Potential of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng","volume":"2","author":"Arvind","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phcog. J."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"170","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles conju-gated with Ageratina adenophora leaf extract","volume":"1","author":"Ramya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-016-0022-3","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of 9-oxo-agerophorone against soil borne pathogens","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Dis. Prot."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L.-M., Zhang, M., Xu, Q.-L., Zhang, Q., Luo, B., Luo, Q.-W., Liu, W.-B., and Tan, J.-W. (2017). Two New Thymol Derivatives from the Roots of Ageratina adenophora. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22040592"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2013.761921","article-title":"Cadinene sesquiterpenes from Eupatorium adenophorum and their antifungal activity","volume":"48","author":"Kundu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health B"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2018.01.013","article-title":"Specialized metabolites from Ageratina adenophora and their inhibitory activities against pathogenic fungi","volume":"148","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Study on the inhibitory effect of Eupatorium adenophorum extract on two plant pathogenic fungi","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hubei Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Cao, L., Zhang, L., Yuan, X., and Zhao, B. (2016). Preparation, Phytochemical Investigation, and Safety Evaluation of Chlorogenic Acid Products from Eupatorium adenophorum. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010067"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-016-0006-3","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial and anti-fungal properties of 9-oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone extracted from Eupatorium adenophorum","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Dis. Prot."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1555","article-title":"Inhibition effect of Ageratina adenophora is methanol extracts against Microsporidium gypsum and its mechanism","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Zhejiangensis"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2017.06.012","article-title":"Effects of oil extracts of Eupatorium adenophorum on Phytophthora capsici and other plant pathogenic fungi in vitro","volume":"140","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-020-09748-7","article-title":"Influence of Aphis gossypii feeding on defense strategy of native and introduced populations of Ageratina adenophora","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthropod-Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/09670870802604062","article-title":"Efficacy of Ageratina adenophora extract and biogas fermentation residue against the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae and an assessment of the risk to the parasi-toid Diaeretiella rapae","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"337","article-title":"The toxicities of the extracts from Eupatorium adenophorum against Aphis gossypii and their aphid-killing mechanism","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.03.012","article-title":"Action of Euptox A from Ageratina adenophora Juice on Human Cell Lines: A Top-down Study Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Protein Profiling","volume":"57","author":"Catarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.11.002","article-title":"Isolation and identification of bacteria capable of degrading euptox A from Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng","volume":"77","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00483","article-title":"Essential Oil Derived from Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Mediates Anticancer Effect by Inhibiting STAT3 and AKT Activation to Induce Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antipyretic activity of Eupatorium adenophorum leaves","volume":"8","author":"Ringmichon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2005.03.004","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Saponins from Acacia auriculiformis","volume":"76","author":"Mandal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1873","article-title":"Evaluation of wound healing activity of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharma Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwary, B.K., Bihani, S., Kumar, A., Chakraborty, R., and Ghosh, R. (2015). The In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Eth-no-pharmacological Important Plants of Darjeeling District of West Bengal against Different Human Cancer Cell Lines. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0543-5"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)00016-X","article-title":"Analysis by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry of the volatile components of Ageratina adenophora Spreng.; growing in the Canary Islands","volume":"947","author":"Sanz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"169","article-title":"In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Ageratina adenophora Leaves","volume":"178","author":"Khazeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect. Trends Dev. Sci. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amevor, F.K., Cui, Z., Du, X., Ning, Z., Shu, G., Jin, N., Deng, X., Tian, Y., Zhang, Z., and Kang, X. (2021). Combination of Quercetin and Vitamin E Supple-mentation Promotes Yolk Precursor Synthesis and Follicle Development in Aging Breeder Hens via Liver-Blood-Ovary Signal Axis. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071915"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101361","article-title":"Resveratrol, an Nrf2 activator, Ameliorates Aging-related Progressive Renal Injury","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12747","article-title":"Lycopene attenuates chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via the interaction of NF-\u03baB, MAPKs, and Nrf2 signaling pathways in rats","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126680","article-title":"Glycine nano-selenium prevents brain oxidative stress and neurobehavioral abnormalities caused by MPTP in rats","volume":"64","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trace Elements Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8133","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01797C","article-title":"Protective effects of alfalfa saponins on oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cells","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113026","article-title":"Lycopene ameliorates PTSD-like behaviors in mice and rebalances the neuroinflammatory response and oxidative stress in the brain","volume":"224","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C., Zou, Y., and Peng, J. (2018). Oregano Essential Oil Attenuates RAW264.7 Cells from Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response through Regulating NADPH Oxidase Activation-Driven Oxidative Stress. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081857"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190331","article-title":"Ergosterol attenuates cigarette smoke extract-induced COPD by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"133","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2015-0032","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of ginger in tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Complement. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.06.015","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of selenium on lead-induced testicular inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in chickens","volume":"155","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756308","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1756308","article-title":"Probiotic Cell-Free Supernatants Exhibited Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity on Human Gut Epithelial Cells and Macro-phages Stimulated with LPS","volume":"2018","author":"Sichetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"2510","article-title":"An updated review on invasive nature, phyto-chemical evaluation, & pharmacological activity of Ageratina adenophora","volume":"11","author":"Poudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471074","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/neq033","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Through Alteration in Production of TNF-\u03b1, ROS and Expression of Certain Genes","volume":"2011","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2017.04.001","article-title":"Designer Probiotics: Paving the Way to Living Therapeutics","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-019-01687-z","article-title":"Hydrocarbon Degradation Potential and Competitive Persistence of Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacterium Acinetobacter pittii strain ABC","volume":"201","author":"Chettri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-018-2518-y","article-title":"Characterization of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria in Constructed Wetland Microcosms Used to Treat Crude Oil Polluted Water","volume":"102","author":"Hashmat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-018-1465-5","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 and Zearalenone-Detoxifying Profile of Rhodococcus Type Strains","volume":"75","author":"Risa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017b\u00f3\u0142kiewicz, J., Marzec, A., Ruszczy\u0144ski, M., and Feleszko, W. (2020). Postbiotics-A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082189"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2002.02052","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum KU15149 Derived from Korean Homemade Diced-Radish Kimchi","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.07.002","article-title":"Lactobacillus spp. reduces morphological changes and oxidative stress induced by deoxynivalenol on the intestine and liver of broilers","volume":"185","author":"Baptista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Lactobacillus salivarius BP121 prevents cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by inhibition of uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate via alleviating dysbiosis","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112241","article-title":"Antiproliferative and palliative activity of flavonoids in colorectal cancer","volume":"143","author":"Villar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, V., Iriondo De-Hond, A., Borrelli, F., Capasso, R., Del Castillo, M.D., and Abalo, R. (2020). Cannabidiol and Other Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids for Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders: Useful Nutraceuticals?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093067"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, M., Vasconcelos, A., Gon\u00e7alves, E., Ferrarini, E., Vieira, G., Cicia, D., Cola, M., Capasso, R., and Dutra, R. (2021). Involvement of Opioid System and TRPM8\/TRPA1 Channels in the Antinociceptive Effect of Spirulina platensis. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040592"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/21\/11581\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:24:31Z","timestamp":1760167471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/21\/11581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222111581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111581","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]}}}