{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:26:22Z","timestamp":1792459582576,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004561","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AP09259961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP09259961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential to differentiate into various types of cells, including but not limited to, adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts. In addition to their progenitor characteristics, MSCs hold unique immunomodulatory properties that provide new opportunities in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and can serve as a promising tool in stem cell-based therapy. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that deteriorates quality and function of the synovium membrane, resulting in chronic inflammation, pain and progressive cartilage and bone destruction. The mechanism of RA pathogenesis is associated with dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Current conventional treatments by steroid drugs, antirheumatic drugs and biological agents are being applied in clinical practice. However, long-term use of these drugs causes side effects, and some RA patients may acquire resistance to these drugs. In this regard, recently investigated MSC-based therapy is considered as a promising approach in RA treatment. In this study, we review conventional and modern treatment approaches, such as MSC-based therapy through the understanding of the link between MSCs and the innate and adaptive immune systems. Moreover, we discuss recent achievements in preclinical and clinical studies as well as various strategies for the enhancement of MSC immunoregulatory properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T22:00:23Z","timestamp":1635372023000},"page":"11592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Madina","family":"Sarsenova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assel","family":"Issabekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saule","family":"Abisheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine \u21161, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Arthrology, National Scientific Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9324-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Rutskaya-Moroshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine \u21161, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Arthrology, National Scientific Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5029-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vyacheslav","family":"Ogay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4407-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Saparov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13103","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis: A review","volume":"320","author":"Aletaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216694","article-title":"Is the epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis changing? 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