{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:13:27Z","timestamp":1769127207515,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R-148-000-295-114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-148-000-295-114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R-148-000-318-114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-148-000-318-114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to metallic nanoparticles (NPs) can result in inadvertent NP accumulation in body tissues. While their subsequent cellular interactions can lead to unintended consequences and are generally regarded as detrimental for health, they can on occasion mediate biologically beneficial effects. Among NPs, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NP) possess strong antioxidant properties and have shown to alleviate certain pathological conditions. Herein, we show that the presence of cubic 25 nm CeO2 NP was able to reduce TGF-\u03b2-mediated activation in the cultured hepatic stellate cell line LX2 by reducing oxidative stress levels and TGF-\u03b2-mediated signalling. These cells displayed reduced classical liver fibrosis phenotypes, such as diminished fibrogenesis, altered matrix degradation, decreased cell motility, modified contractability and potentially lowered autophagy. These findings demonstrate that CeO2 NP may be able to ameliorate hepatic fibrosis and suggest a possible therapeutic pathway for an otherwise difficult-to-treat condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:34Z","timestamp":1635805294000},"page":"11777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Alleviate Hepatic Fibrosis Phenotypes In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2835-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Boey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117559, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2763-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu Qing","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117559, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9325-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayali","family":"Bhave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117559, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0614-3048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han Kiat","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117559, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.38","article-title":"Mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell activation","volume":"14","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0104-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7629724","article-title":"Clinical advancements in the targeted therapies against liver fibrosis","volume":"2016","author":"Bansal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.04.006","article-title":"Liver fibrosis: Direct antifibrotic agents and targeted therapies","volume":"68\u201369","author":"Schuppan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000153","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000153","article-title":"All roads lead to the liver: Metal nanoparticles and their implications for liver health","volume":"16","author":"Boey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.09.001","article-title":"Toxicology of nanoparticles","volume":"64","author":"Elsaesser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.13.133","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles: Applications and prospects in nanomedicine","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korsvik, C., Patil, S., Seal, S., and Self, W.T. (2007). Superoxide dismutase mimetic properties exhibited by vacancy engineered ceria nanoparticles. Chem. Commun., 1056\u20131058.","DOI":"10.1039\/b615134e"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6971","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR00325D","article-title":"The enzyme-like catalytic activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles and its dependency on Ce3+ surface area concentration","volume":"10","author":"Baldim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1038\/am.2013.88","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticle: A remarkably versatile rare earth nanomaterial for biological applications","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.14.87","article-title":"The potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) for neurodegenerative disease therapy","volume":"9","author":"Estevez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1444","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1444","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles in neuroprotection and considerations for efficacy and safety","volume":"9","author":"Rzigalinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11039","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201203780","article-title":"Ceria nanoparticles that can protect against ischemic stroke","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5318\/wjo.v5.i1.23","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles as promising ophthalmic therapeutics for the treatment of retinal diseases","volume":"5","author":"Kyosseva","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1907322","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201907322","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles: Advances in biodistribution, toxicity, and preclinical exploration","volume":"16","author":"Casals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-016-0156-2","article-title":"In vivo biodistribution and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of inhaled fresh and aged cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2012.08.002","article-title":"Biodistribution and biopersistence of ceria engineered nanomaterials: Size dependence","volume":"9","author":"Yokel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs113","article-title":"Tissue Distribution of inhaled micro- and nano-sized cerium oxide particles in rats: Results from a 28-day exposure study","volume":"127","author":"Geraets","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20704","article-title":"Bio-distribution and in vivo antioxidant effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles in mice","volume":"28","author":"Hirst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EN00034J","article-title":"Bioavailability, distribution and clearance of tracheally instilled, gavaged or injected cerium dioxide nanoparticles and ionic cerium","volume":"1","author":"Molina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.02.008","article-title":"Alteration of hepatic structure and oxidative stress induced by intravenous nanoceria","volume":"260","author":"Tseng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623313505780","article-title":"Persistent hepatic structural alterations following nanoceria vascular infusion in the rat","volume":"42","author":"Tseng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01696-5","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver of diethylnitrosamine-treated mice","volume":"193","author":"Adebayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles improve liver regeneration after acetaminophen-induced liver injury and partial hepatectomy in rats","volume":"17","author":"Ribera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.075","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles: In pursuit of liver protection against doxorubicin-induced injury in rats","volume":"103","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.01.016","article-title":"Nanoceria ameliorates doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity: Possible mitigation via reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Sangomla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elements Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.10.020","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles reduce steatosis, portal hypertension and display anti-inflammatory properties in rats with liver fibrosis","volume":"64","author":"Yudina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.03.099","article-title":"Cerium dioxide nanoparticles possess anti-inflammatory properties in the conditions of the obesity-associated NAFLD in rats","volume":"90","author":"Kobyliak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49262-2","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles display antilipogenic effect in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Carvajal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31139","article-title":"Bespoken nanoceria: An effective treatment in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"72","author":"Carvajal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31938","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b10527","article-title":"Inorganic nanomaterials as highly efficient inhibitors of cellular hepatic fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2017-0247","article-title":"Role of zinc oxide nanoparticles in alleviating hepatic fibrosis and nephrotoxicity induced by thioacetamide in rats","volume":"96","author":"Bashandy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"191","article-title":"Antifibrotic candidates of Selenium nanoparticles and selenium in the experimental model","volume":"7","author":"Shalby","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.042127","article-title":"Human hepatic stellate cell lines, LX-1 and LX-2: New tools for analysis of hepatic fibrosis","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.029","article-title":"Protein adsorption and cellular uptake of cerium oxide nanoparticles as a function of zeta potential","volume":"28","author":"Patil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50063","article-title":"Delivery of matrix metalloproteinase-1 attenuates established liver fibrosis in the rat","volume":"124","author":"Iimuro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.03.005","article-title":"The role of TIMPs in regulation of extracellular matrix proteolysis","volume":"44\u201346","author":"Arpino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.07.010","article-title":"A role for autophagy during hepatic stellate cell activation","volume":"55","author":"Thoen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.4600","article-title":"How to interpret LC3 immunoblotting","volume":"3","author":"Mizushima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-157-4_4","article-title":"LC3 and autophagy","volume":"445","author":"Tanida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832704","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/832704","article-title":"The role of the selective adaptor p62 and ubiquitin-like proteins in autophagy","volume":"2014","author":"Lippai","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Tovar, E., and Muriel, P. (2020). Molecular mechanisms that link oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121279"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32834f3123","article-title":"Antifibrotic and antioxidant effects of N-acetylcysteine in an experimental cholestatic model","volume":"24","author":"Favari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01936-13","article-title":"Silymarin reduces profibrogenic cytokines and reverses hepatic fibrosis in chronic murine schistosomiasis","volume":"58","author":"Dutra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"11941","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of silymarin on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by reducing Ly6Chi monocytes infiltration","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320","article-title":"Role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00595","article-title":"Functions of NQO1 in cellular protection and CoQ10 metabolism and its potential role as a redox sensitive molecular switch","volume":"8","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2015.05.006","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles alleviate oxidative stress and decreases Nrf-2\/HO-1 in D-GALN\/LPS induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"73","author":"Hashem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1468-y","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-genotoxic properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles in a pulmonary-like cell system","volume":"90","author":"Rubio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvajal, S., Perram\u00f3n, M., Casals, G., Or\u00f3, D., Ribera, J., Morales-Ruiz, M., Casals, E., Casado, P., Melgar-Lesmes, P., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Varo, G. (2019). Cerium oxide nanoparticles protect against oxidant injury and interfere with oxidative mediated kinase signaling in human-derived hepatocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235959"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.09.009","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of TGF-\u03b2 and reactive oxygen species: A perverse cycle for fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.01.012","article-title":"NADPH oxidase-dependent redox signaling in TGF-\u03b2-mediated fibrotic responses","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2012.10.003","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in tissue fibrosis: Redox controls, target genes and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"25","author":"Samarakoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00309","article-title":"Not only redox: The multifaceted activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles in cancer prevention and therapy","volume":"8","author":"Corsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623317737254","article-title":"Analytical high-resolution electron microscopy reveals organ-specific nanoceria bioprocessing","volume":"46","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"364","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of liver inflammation and fibrosis by nanomedicine","volume":"3","author":"Bartneck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01076","article-title":"Combination therapy of NSCLC using Hsp90 inhibitor and doxorubicin carrying functional nanoceria","volume":"14","author":"Sulthana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.09.012","article-title":"PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery","volume":"99","author":"Suk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26269","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26269","article-title":"Surface modification of nanoparticles enables selective evasion of phagocytic clearance by distinct macrophage phenotypes","volume":"6","author":"Qie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S102096","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles promote neurogenesis and abrogate hypoxia-induced memory impairment through AMPK\u2013PKC\u2013CBP signaling cascade","volume":"11","author":"Bhargava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.05.005","article-title":"Induction of Pulmonary Fibrosis by Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"262","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.03.015","article-title":"Role of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Fibroblast Function in Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles-Induced Lung Fibrosis","volume":"323","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/812503","article-title":"Altered expression levels of MMP1, MMP9, MMP12, TIMP1, and IL-1\u03b2 as a risk factor for the elevated IOP and optic nerve head damage in the primary open-angle glaucoma patients","volume":"2015","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-6-36","article-title":"Impaired leukocyte influx in cervix of postterm women not responding to prostaglandin priming","volume":"6","author":"Sahlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/21\/11777\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:16Z","timestamp":1760167396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/21\/11777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222111777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111777","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]}}}