{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:46:58Z","timestamp":1790135218470,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006489","name":"Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EDF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For decades, numerous chemical pollutants have been described to interfere with endogenous hormone metabolism\/signaling altering reproductive functions. Among these endocrine disrupting substances, Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used compound, is known to negatively impact germ and somatic cells in the testis. Physical agents, such as ionizing radiation, were also described to perturb spermatogenesis. Despite the fact that we are constantly exposed to numerous environmental chemical and physical compounds, very few studies explore the impact of combined exposure to chemical and physical pollutants on reproductive health. The aim of this study was to describe the impact of fetal co-exposure to BPA and IR on testicular function in mice. We exposed pregnant mice to 10 \u00b5M BPA (corresponding to 0.5 mg\/kg\/day) in drinking water from 10.5 dpc until birth, and we irradiated mice with 0.2 Gy (\u03b3-ray, RAD) at 12.5 days post-conception. Co-exposure to BPA and \u03b3-ray induces DNA damage in fetal germ cells in an additive manner, leading to a long-lasting decrease in germ cell abundance. We also observed significant alteration of adult steroidogenesis by RAD exposure independently of the BPA exposure. This is illustrated by the downregulation of steroidogenic genes and the decrease of the number of adult Leydig cells. As a consequence, courtship behavior is modified, and male ultrasonic vocalizations associated with courtship decreased. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the importance of broadening the concept of endocrine disruptors to include physical agents, leading to a reevaluation of risk management and regulatory decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:34Z","timestamp":1635805294000},"page":"11808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unexpected Interacting Effects of Physical (Radiation) and Chemical (Bisphenol A) Treatments on Male Reproductive Functions in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Margaux","family":"Wieckowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, UMR-008 Genetic Stability Stem Cells and Radiations, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/IRCM, 98 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Ranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, UMR-008 Genetic Stability Stem Cells and Radiations, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/IRCM, 98 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Moison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, UMR-008 Genetic Stability Stem Cells and Radiations, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/IRCM, 98 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Messiaen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, UMR-008 Genetic Stability Stem Cells and Radiations, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/IRCM, 98 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, UMR-008 Genetic Stability Stem Cells and Radiations, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/IRCM, 98 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Granon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), CNRS UMR 9197, Paris-Sud University, 91400 Saclay, France"},{"name":"Paris-Saclay University, 91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Habert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, UMR-008 Genetic Stability Stem Cells and Radiations, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/IRCM, 98 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Rouiller-Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, UMR-008 Genetic Stability Stem Cells and Radiations, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/IRCM, 98 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Livera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, UMR-008 Genetic Stability Stem Cells and Radiations, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/IRCM, 98 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1752-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Justine","family":"Guerquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, UMR-008 Genetic Stability Stem Cells and Radiations, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, CEA\/DRF\/IBFJ\/IRCM, 98 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Radiation effects on male fertility","volume":"7","author":"Marchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy075","article-title":"Mutations causing specific arrests in the development of mouse primordial germ cells and gonocytes","volume":"99","author":"Hamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. 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