{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:37:23Z","timestamp":1792449443459,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most well-defined and complex metabolic disorders, characterized by hyperglycemia, with a constantly increasing incidence in children and adolescents. While current knowledge regarding the molecules related to the pathogenesis and diagnosis of T1DM is vast, the discovery of new molecules, such as micro ribonucleic acids (micro-RNAs, miRNAs), as well as their interactions with T1DM, has spurred novel prospects in the diagnosis of the disease. This review aims at summarizing current knowledge regarding miRNAs\u2019 biosynthesis and action pathways and their role as gene expression regulators in T1DM. MiRNAs follow a complex biosynthesis pathway, including cleaving and transport from nucleus to cytoplasm. After assembly of their final form, they inhibit translation or cause messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation, resulting in the obstruction of protein synthesis. Many studies have reported miRNA involvement in T1DM pathogenesis, mainly through interference with pancreatic b-cell function, insulin production and secretion. They are also found to contribute to \u03b2-cell destruction, as they aid in the production of autoreactive agents. Due to their elevated accumulation in various biological specimens, as well as their involvement in T1DM pathogenesis, their role as biomarkers in early preclinical T1DM diagnosis is widely hypothesized, with future studies concerning their diagnostic value deemed a necessity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T09:19:21Z","timestamp":1636535961000},"page":"12165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Micro-RNA Implications in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kosmas","family":"Margaritis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Diabetes Mellitus of Children and Adolescents, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Margioula-Siarkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokratio General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2759-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Styliani","family":"Giza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Diabetes Mellitus of Children and Adolescents, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8292-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni P.","family":"Kotanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Diabetes Mellitus of Children and Adolescents, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2531-2313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki Regina","family":"Tsinopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Diabetes Mellitus of Children and Adolescents, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Christoforidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokratio General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8503-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assimina","family":"Galli-Tsinopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Diabetes Mellitus of Children and Adolescents, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12773","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Kahkoska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5897\/JPAP2013.0001","article-title":"The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Ozougwu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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