{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:46:41Z","timestamp":1778741201171,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VES4US Horizon 2020","award":["801338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["801338"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microalgae have received growing interest for their capacity to produce bioactive metabolites. This study aimed at characterising the antimicrobial potential of the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae strain LACW11, isolated from the west of Ireland. Amphidinolides have been identified as cytotoxic polyoxygenated polyketides produced by several Amphidinium species. Phylogenetic inference assigned our strain to Amphidinium carterae subclade III, along with isolates interspersed in different geographic regions. A two-stage extraction and fractionation process of the biomass was carried out. Extracts obtained after stage-1 were tested for bioactivity against bacterial ATCC strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The stage-2 solid phase extraction provided 16 fractions, which were tested against S. aureus and E. faecalis. Fractions I, J and K yielded minimum inhibitory concentrations between 16 \u03bcg\/mL and 256 \u03bcg\/mL for both Gram-positive. A targeted metabolomic approach using UHPLC-HRMS\/MS analysis applied on fractions G to J evidenced the presence of amphidinol type compounds AM-A, AM-B, AM-22 and a new derivative dehydroAM-A, with characteristic masses of m\/z 1361, 1463, 1667 and 1343, respectively. Combining the results of the biological assays with the targeted metabolomic approach, we could conclude that AM-A and the new derivative dehydroAM-A are responsible for the detected antimicrobial bioactivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:02:41Z","timestamp":1636671761000},"page":"12196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Antibacterial Activity and Amphidinol Profiling of the Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae (Subclade III)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8240-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Barone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biodiversity, School of Chemistry, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Parkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerard T. A.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Microbiology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8405-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floriana","family":"Campanile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5708-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier P.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biodiversity, School of Chemistry, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Touzet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). 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