{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:12:10Z","timestamp":1782461530783,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008730","name":"Norwegian Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["182716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["182716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Western Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F-11970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-11970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melanomas have a high potential to metastasize to the brain. Recent advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies have changed the therapeutical landscape of extracranial melanomas. However, few patients with melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) respond effectively to these treatments and new therapeutic strategies are needed. Cabozantinib is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, already approved for the treatment of non-skin-related cancers. The drug targets several of the proteins that are known to be dysregulated in melanomas. The anti-tumor activity of cabozantinib was investigated using three human MBM cell lines. Cabozantinib treatment decreased the viability of all cell lines both when grown in monolayer cultures and as tumor spheroids. The in vitro cell migration was also inhibited and apoptosis was induced by cabozantinib. The phosphorylated RTKs p-PDGF-R\u03b1, p-IGF-1R, p-MERTK and p-DDR1 were found to be downregulated in the p-RTK array of the MBM cells after cabozantinib treatment. Western blot validated these results and showed that cabozantinib treatment inhibited p-Akt and p-MEK 1\/2. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the therapeutic potential of cabozantinib for patients with MBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:48:36Z","timestamp":1636922916000},"page":"12296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cabozantinib Is Effective in Melanoma Brain Metastasis Cell Lines and Affects Key Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Trond Are","family":"Manns\u00e5ker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuyen","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Synn\u00f8ve Nymark","family":"Aasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Vidhammer","family":"Bj\u00f8rnstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7185-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himalaya","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terje","family":"Sundstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukelandsveien 22, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frits Alan","family":"Thorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000538","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of brain metastases in cutaneous melanoma patients: A population-based study","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10185.x","article-title":"Frequencies of BRAF and NRAS mutations are different in histological types and sites of origin of cutaneous melanoma: A meta-analysis","volume":"164","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. 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