{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:53:53Z","timestamp":1791244433903,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016971","name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041021-121011290089-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041021-121011290089-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016971","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Helmholtz National Medical Research Centre","award":["\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041018-118031590066-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041018-118031590066-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Topical drug delivery is one of the most challenging aspects of eye therapy. Eye drops are the most prevalent drug form, especially for widely distributed anterior segment eye diseases (cataracts, glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, inflammatory diseases, etc.), because they are convenient and easy to apply by patients. However, conventional drug formulations are usually characterized by short retention time in the tear film, insufficient contact with epithelium, fast elimination, and difficulties in overcoming ocular tissue barriers. Not more than 5% of the total drug dose administered in eye drops reaches the interior ocular tissues. To overcome the ocular drug delivery barriers and improve drug bioavailability, various conventional and novel drug delivery systems have been developed. Among these, nanosize carriers are the most attractive. The review is focused on the different drug carriers, such as synthetic and natural polymers, as well as inorganic carriers, with special attention to nanoparticles and nanomicelles. Studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that new formulations could help to improve the bioavailability of the drugs, provide sustained drug release, enhance and prolong their therapeutic action. Promising results were obtained with drug-loaded nanoparticles included in in situ gel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T11:32:03Z","timestamp":1637062323000},"page":"12368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Nanotechnology for Topical Drug Delivery to the Anterior Segment of the Eye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8201-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Vaneev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISIS\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-3430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Tikhomirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Chesnokova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2419-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7557-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Beznos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Kost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9357-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Klyachko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Research Institute \u201cNanotechnology and Nanomaterials\u201d, G.R. Derzhavin Tambov State University, 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, November 15). World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/blindness-and-visual-impairment."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassiri, B., Zambito, Y., and Bernkop-Schn\u00fcrch, A. (2021). Strategies to prolong the residence time of drug delivery systems on ocular surface. Adv. 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