{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:17:09Z","timestamp":1792804629946,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"state assignment of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","award":["200075056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200075056"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01p8ehb87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a group of inherited keratinopathies that, in most cases, arise due to mutations in keratins and lead to intraepidermal ruptures. The cellular pathology of most EBS subtypes is associated with the fragility of the intermediate filament network, cytolysis of the basal layer of the epidermis, or attenuation of hemidesmosomal\/desmosomal components. Mutations in keratins 5\/14 or in other genes that encode associated proteins induce structural disarrangements of different strengths depending on their locations in the genes. Keratin aggregates display impaired dynamics of assembly and diminished solubility and appear to be the trigger for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upon being phosphorylated by MAPKs. Global changes in cellular signaling mainly occur in cases of severe dominant EBS mutations. The spectrum of changes initiated by phosphorylation includes the inhibition of proteasome degradation, TNF-\u03b1 signaling activation, deregulated proliferation, abnormal cell migration, and impaired adherence of keratinocytes. ER stress also leads to the release of proinflammatory danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, which enhance avalanche-like inflammation. Many instances of positive feedback in the course of cellular stress and the development of sterile inflammation led to systemic chronic inflammation in EBS. This highlights the role of keratin in the maintenance of epidermal and immune homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T08:53:56Z","timestamp":1637225636000},"page":"12446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Keratins as an Inflammation Trigger Point in Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1726-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezhda A.","family":"Evtushenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkadii K.","family":"Beilin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiya V.","family":"Kosykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5405-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Vorotelyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8028-8176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadya G.","family":"Gurskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2015.09.032","article-title":"Skin Keratins","volume":"568","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05463.x","article-title":"Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"1194","author":"Fine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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