{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:21:05Z","timestamp":1786378865621,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20 GM121322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 GM121322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 T32 GM133369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 T32 GM133369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1920920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1920920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electronic cigarettes are frequently viewed as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes; however, evidence to support this perspective has not materialized. Indeed, the current literature reports that electronic cigarette use is associated with both acute lung injury and subclinical dysfunction to the lung and vasculature that may result in pathology following chronic use. E-cigarettes can alter vascular dynamics, polarize innate immune populations towards a proinflammatory state, compromise barrier function in the pulmonary endothelium and epithelium, and promote pre-oncogenic phenomena. This review will summarize the variety of e-cigarette products available to users, discuss current challenges in e-cigarette study design, outline the range of pathologies occurring in cases of e-cigarette associated acute lung injury, highlight disease supporting tissue- and cellular-level changes resulting from e-cigarette exposure, and briefly examine how these changes may promote tumorigenesis. Continued research of the mechanisms by which e-cigarettes induce pathology benefit users and clinicians by resulting in increased regulation of vaping devices, informing treatments for emerging diseases e-cigarettes produce, and increasing public awareness to reduce e-cigarette use and the onset of preventable disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T02:43:09Z","timestamp":1637289789000},"page":"12452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["E-Cigarette Use: Device Market, Study Design, and Emerging Evidence of Biological Consequences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1426-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hunter T.","family":"Snoderly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"},{"name":"Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Nurkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Bowdridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret F.","family":"Bennewitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"},{"name":"Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw175","article-title":"E-Cigarettes Use Behavior and Experience of Adults: Qualitative Research Findings to Inform E-Cigarette Use Measure Development","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.18001\/TRS.2.4.8","article-title":"Nicotine Delivery and Vaping Behavior during ad libitum E-cigarette Access","volume":"2","author":"Helen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob. Regul. 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