{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:12:26Z","timestamp":1791389546909,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":362,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain &amp; Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and daytime sleepiness, are common in people diagnosed with epilepsy. These disturbances can be attributed to nocturnal seizures, psychosocial factors, and\/or the use of anti-epileptic drugs with sleep-modifying side effects. Epilepsy patients with poor sleep quality have intensified seizure frequency and disease progression compared to their well-rested counterparts. A better understanding of the complex relationship between sleep and epilepsy is needed, since approximately 20% of seizures and more than 90% of sudden unexpected deaths in epilepsy occur during sleep. Emerging studies suggest that neuroinflammation, (e.g., the CNS immune response characterized by the change in expression of inflammatory mediators and glial activation) may be a potential link between sleep deprivation and seizures. Here, we review the mechanisms by which sleep deprivation induces neuroinflammation and propose that neuroinflammation synergizes with seizure activity to worsen neurodegeneration in the epileptic brain. Additionally, we highlight the relevance of sleep interventions, often overlooked by physicians, to manage seizures, prevent epilepsy-related mortality, and improve quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T20:58:21Z","timestamp":1637528301000},"page":"12531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Sleep Disruption Worsens Seizures: Neuroinflammation as a Potential Mechanistic Link"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Herlinda","family":"Bonilla-Jaime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, \u00c1rea de Biolog\u00eda Conductual y Reproductiva, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico CP 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Zeleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asheebo","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9909-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Espinosa-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2015.10.004","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s updated sleep duration recommendations: Final report","volume":"1","author":"Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7036","article-title":"Reference Data for Polysomnography-Measured and Subjective Sleep in Healthy Adults","volume":"14","author":"Hertenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021, October 20). World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/epilepsy."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30158-2","article-title":"Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Devinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03360.x","article-title":"Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: People with nocturnal seizures may be at highest risk","volume":"53","author":"Lamberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14468","article-title":"Standard procedures for the diagnostic pathway of sleep-related epilepsies and comorbid sleep disorders: An EAN, ESRS and ILAE-Europe consensus review","volume":"28","author":"Nobili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinosa-Garcia, C., Zeleke, H., and Rojas, A. (2021). Impact of Stress on Epilepsy: Focus on Neuroinflammation-A Mini Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084061"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/15402000701557383","article-title":"The effect of psychosocial stress on sleep: A review of polysomnographic evidence","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.04.002","article-title":"The hyperarousal model of insomnia: A review of the concept and its evidence","volume":"14","author":"Riemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders","volume":"23","author":"Pavlova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/15357597211004549","article-title":"Proceedings of the Sleep and Epilepsy Workgroup: Section 2 Comorbidities: Sleep Related Comorbidities of Epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Pavlova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01902.x","article-title":"Stress, the hippocampus, and epilepsy","volume":"50","author":"Joels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.01.022","article-title":"Associations of impaired sleep quality, insomnia, and sleepiness with epilepsy: A questionnaire-based case-control study","volume":"57","author":"Im","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02623.x","article-title":"Comorbidity between epilepsy and depression: Experimental evidence for the involvement of serotonergic, glucocorticoid, and neuroinflammatory mechanisms","volume":"51","author":"Pineda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2003.07.005","article-title":"Epilepsy and sleep disturbance","volume":"4","author":"Bazil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/20.12.1105","article-title":"Predictors of sleepiness in epilepsy patients","volume":"20","author":"Malow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S136868","article-title":"Sleep disturbances among patients with epilepsy","volume":"13","author":"Staniszewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8218","article-title":"Sleep-related movement disorders in a population of patients with epilepsy: Prevalence and impact of restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism","volume":"16","author":"Khachatryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/15357597211004566","article-title":"Proceedings of the Sleep and Epilepsy Workshop: Section 1 Decreasing Seizures-Improving Sleep and Seizures, Themes for Future Research","volume":"21","author":"Quigg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1126\/science.154.3747.396","article-title":"Sleep: Suppression of rapid eye movement phase in the cat after electroconvulsive shock","volume":"154","author":"Cohen","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01303.x","article-title":"Sleep-wakefulness alterations in amygdala-kindled rats","volume":"39","author":"Raol","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90623-X","article-title":"The influence of hippocampal kindling on sleep organization in cats. Effects of alpha-methylparatyrosine","volume":"181","author":"Rondouin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(75)90045-0","article-title":"Kindling effect and sleep organization in cats","volume":"39","author":"Tanaka","year":"1975","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"105","article-title":"Genetic studies in the experimental pathophysiology of higher nervous activity","volume":"64","author":"Krushinskii","year":"1959","journal-title":"Byull.Mosk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otdel Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02463906","article-title":"Effect of generalized seizures on the structure of the sleep-waking cycle and the EEG in rats with an inherited predisposition to audiogenic convulsions","volume":"27","author":"Oganesyan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/18.4.252","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and spike-wave discharges in epileptic rats","volume":"18","author":"Drinkenburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnp.0000206877.90232.cb","article-title":"Sleep and epilepsy: What we know, don\u2019t know, and need to know","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237392.64230.f7","article-title":"Sleep deprivation increases cortical excitability in epilepsy: Syndrome-specific effects","volume":"67","author":"Badawy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199801000-00009","article-title":"Sleep deprivation activates epileptiform discharges independent of the activating effects of sleep","volume":"15","author":"Fountain","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000031810.15811.9E","article-title":"Sleep deprivation does not affect seizure frequency during inpatient video-EEG monitoring","volume":"59","author":"Malow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52007-4.00004-7","article-title":"Insomnia nature, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"99","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.08.008","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: Prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors","volume":"7","author":"Morin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olfson, M., Wall, M., Liu, S.M., Morin, C.M., and Blanco, C. (2018). Insomnia and Impaired Quality of Life in the United States. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 79.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m12020"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2006.02.018","article-title":"Sleep-wake habits and disorders in a series of 100 adult epilepsy patients\u2013a prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Khatami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2008.02.005","article-title":"Influence of sleep disturbance on quality of life of patients with epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Piperidou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2410","article-title":"Insomnia and epilepsy: A questionnaire-based study","volume":"9","author":"Vendrame","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.04.021","article-title":"Depressive symptoms predict the quality of sleep in patients with partial epilepsy--A combined retrospective and prospective study","volume":"47","author":"Moser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2016.02.014","article-title":"Insomnia in epilepsy is associated with continuing seizures and worse quality of life","volume":"122","author":"Quigg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Planas-Ballve, A., Grau-Lopez, L., Jimenez, M., Ciurans, J., Fumanal, A., and Becerra, J.L. (2020). Insomnia and poor sleep quality are associated with poor seizure control in patients with epilepsy. Neurologia, S0213-4853(19)30139-2."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.03.023","article-title":"Severity of self-reported insomnia in adults with epilepsy is related to comorbid medical disorders and depressive symptoms","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1499-1654.2000.001534.x","article-title":"Distribution of seizure precipitants among epilepsy syndromes","volume":"41","author":"Frucht","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190092","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0092","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and stress: A reciprocal relationship","volume":"10","author":"Nollet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7778","article-title":"Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Clinical implications","volume":"86","author":"Vgontzas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00192-1","article-title":"Interactions between evening and nocturnal cortisol secretion and sleep parameters in patients with severe chronic primary insomnia","volume":"324","author":"Rodenbeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1588","article-title":"Physiologic indexes in chronic insomnia during a constant routine: Evidence for general hyperarousal?","volume":"28","author":"Varkevisser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2000.90369a.x","article-title":"Sleep hygiene in adult epilepsy patients: A questionnaire-based survey","volume":"101","author":"Manni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0810","article-title":"Updates on definition, consequences, and management of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"86","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00619","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Dynamically Increases Nocturnal Plasma Free Fatty Acids, Glucose, and Cortisol During Sleep","volume":"102","author":"Chopra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5964","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Differentially Elevated in Objective Versus Habitual Subjective Reduced Sleep Duration in Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"39","author":"DeMartino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"629469","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness and epilepsy: A systematic review","volume":"2013","author":"Giorelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res. Treat"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.11.2060","article-title":"Epilepsy and sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Devinsky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1059-1311(96)80066-5","article-title":"Improvement of epileptic seizure control with treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"5","author":"Vaughn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.7.1002","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is common in medically refractory epilepsy patients","volume":"55","author":"Malow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.08.032","article-title":"Sleep apnea and epilepsy: Who\u2019s at risk?","volume":"25","author":"Andrews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.55702.x","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in a clinical series of adult epilepsy patients: Frequency and features of the comorbidity","volume":"44","author":"Manni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-016-1391-3","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with epilepsy: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2011.01506.x","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in children with epilepsy: Prospective pilot trial","volume":"125","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2012.04.005","article-title":"Markedly disturbed sleep in medically refractory compared to controlled epilepsy\u2014A clinical and polysomnography study","volume":"21","author":"Zanzmera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.11.099","article-title":"Drug-Resistant Epilepsy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Exploring a Link Between the Two","volume":"146","author":"Jaseja","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01088","article-title":"Sleep Related Epilepsy and Pharmacotherapy: An Insight","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Darien, I.L. (2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders, American Academy of Sleep Medici. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150070120","article-title":"Daytime sleepiness in epilepsy patients: Evaluation by means of the Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"247","author":"Manni","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.46703.x","article-title":"Subjective sleep disturbance in patients with partial epilepsy: A questionnaire-based study on prevalence and impact on quality of life","volume":"45","author":"Otte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"249","article-title":"Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in patients with epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Taiwan"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.12.018","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: A sleep questionnaire-based study","volume":"23","author":"Krishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00882.x","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness and subjective sleep quality in patients with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: A case-control study","volume":"47","author":"Vignatelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.14581\/jer.16015","article-title":"Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Sleep Disorders in a Population of Patients with Epilepsy: A Case-Control Study","volume":"6","author":"Gammino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"979","article-title":"Sleep disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"61","author":"Lins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8558","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness could be multifactorial in adults with epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Khachatryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000279334.78298.d5","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with seizure occurrence in older adults with epilepsy","volume":"69","author":"Chihorek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-019-01903-6","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea: Implications for driving licenses","volume":"24","author":"Garbarino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2000.102002081.x","article-title":"Effects of lamotrigine on nocturnal sleep, daytime somnolence and cognitive functions in focal epilepsy","volume":"102","author":"Placidi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.09.032","article-title":"The acute effects of levetiracetam on nocturnal sleep and daytime sleepiness in patients with partial epilepsy","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"599","article-title":"Daytime sleepiness and changes of sleep architecture in patients with epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Klobucnikova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.05.002","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with epilepsy: A subjective evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Giorelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.47803.x","article-title":"Daytime sleepiness in epilepsy patients receiving topiramate monotherapy","volume":"45","author":"Bonanni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02347.x","article-title":"Pregabalin as add-on therapy induces REM sleep enhancement in partial epilepsy: A polysomnographic study","volume":"16","author":"Romigi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26911","article-title":"Exploratory polysomnographic evaluation of pregabalin on sleep disturbance in patients with epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Otte","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00024-1","article-title":"Paradoxical sleep deprivation facilitates subsequent corticosterone response to a mild stressor in rats","volume":"320","author":"Suchecki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5567","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5567","article-title":"Cytokine and microRNA levels during different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery in rats","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.09.003","article-title":"Sleep deprivation induces spatial memory impairment by altered hippocampus neuroinflammatory responses and glial cells activation in rats","volume":"312","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2006.07.008","article-title":"Sleep deprivation as a neurobiologic and physiologic stressor: Allostasis and allostatic load","volume":"55","author":"McEwen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0080","article-title":"REM sleep deprivation in rats results in inflammation and interleukin-17 elevation","volume":"29","author":"Yehuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.16.1756","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and activation of morning levels of cellular and genomic markers of inflammation","volume":"166","author":"Irwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3981-16.2017","article-title":"Sleep Loss Promotes Astrocytic Phagocytosis and Microglial Activation in Mouse Cerebral Cortex","volume":"37","author":"Bellesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.05.032","article-title":"Sleep deprivation impairs spatial memory and decreases extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in the hippocampus","volume":"1018","author":"Guan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.07.043","article-title":"Chronic sleep restriction elevates brain interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and attenuates brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression","volume":"580","author":"Zielinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-018-3343-7","article-title":"Low-grade neuroinflammation due to chronic sleep deprivation results in anxiety and learning and memory impairments","volume":"449","author":"Manchanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1159\/000070380","article-title":"Sleep deprivation inhibits expression of NADPH-d and NOS while activating microglia and astroglia in the rat hippocampus","volume":"173","author":"Hsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91764-7","article-title":"Interleukin-1 is involved in responses to sleep deprivation in the rabbit","volume":"639","author":"Opp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, S., Deurveilher, S., Robertson, G.S., and Semba, K. (2020). Homeostatic state of microglia in a rat model of chronic sleep restriction. Sleep, 43.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa108"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5388","article-title":"Iba1 is an actin-cross-linking protein in macrophages\/microglia","volume":"286","author":"Sasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.5.1208","article-title":"Enhanced expression of Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat brain","volume":"32","author":"Ito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13139","article-title":"Microglial M1\/M2 polarization and metabolic states","volume":"173","author":"Orihuela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00125","article-title":"MicroRNAs in Microglia: How do MicroRNAs Affect Activation, Inflammation, Polarization of Microglia and Mediate the Interaction Between Microglia and Glioma?","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00940.2012","article-title":"MicroRNA 138, let-7b, and 125a inhibitors differentially alter sleep and EEG delta-wave activity in rats","volume":"113","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606271","article-title":"Identification of a novel mechanism of blood-brain communication during peripheral inflammation via choroid plexus-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"8","author":"Balusu","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12776","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways","volume":"504","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9633","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404651111","article-title":"Transcellular degradation of axonal mitochondria","volume":"111","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020370","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020370","article-title":"Astrocytes Control Synapse Formation, Function, and Elimination","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellesi, M., de Vivo, L., Tononi, G., and Cirelli, C. (2015). Effects of sleep and wake on astrocytes: Clues from molecular and ultrastructural studies. BMC Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-015-0176-7"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04058.x","article-title":"Changes in brain gene expression after long-term sleep deprivation","volume":"98","author":"Cirelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.02.002","article-title":"Normal sleep and circadian processes","volume":"24","author":"Collop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1402","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516953113","article-title":"Circadian misalignment increases cardiovascular disease risk factors in humans","volume":"113","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"862","article-title":"Main neuroendocrine features and therapy in primary sleep troubles","volume":"116","author":"Amihaesei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16716","article-title":"Circadian\/multidien Molecular Oscillations and Rhythmicity of Epilepsy (MORE)","volume":"62","author":"Bernard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.05.023","article-title":"Cortisol levels and seizures in adults with epilepsy: A systematic review","volume":"103","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30335-1","article-title":"Circadian rhythm and epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00121","article-title":"BMAL1 controls the diurnal rhythm and set point for electrical seizure threshold in mice","volume":"8","author":"Gerstner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.044","article-title":"Loss of CLOCK Results in Dysfunction of Brain Circuits Underlying Focal Epilepsy","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01267","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01267","article-title":"The transcription factor NRSF contributes to epileptogenesis by selective repression of a subset of target genes","volume":"3","author":"McClelland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.04.028","article-title":"Inflammation and reactive oxygen species in status epilepticus: Biomarkers and implications for therapy","volume":"101","author":"Terrone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106018","article-title":"Advances in Understanding CREB Signaling-Mediated Regulation of the Pathogenesis and Progression of Epilepsy","volume":"196","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2020.106282","article-title":"Therapeutic role of targeting mTOR signaling and neuroinflammation in epilepsy","volume":"161","author":"Hodges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1126\/science.144.3615.193","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms in Experimental Epileptic Seizures","volume":"144","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1964","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.2.117","article-title":"The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: Dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation","volume":"26","author":"Maislin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.01.001","article-title":"Cellular adhesion molecule expression, nocturnal sleep, and partial night sleep deprivation","volume":"18","author":"Redwine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4454","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.9.4454","article-title":"Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells","volume":"158","author":"Born","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"3597","article-title":"Effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on interleukin-6, growth hormone, cortisol, and melatonin levels in humans","volume":"85","author":"Redwine","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.5.3950","article-title":"Elevation of plasma cytokines in disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness: Role of sleep disturbance and obesity","volume":"82","author":"Vgontzas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.6.729","article-title":"Inflammation and sleep in healthy individuals","volume":"30","author":"Mills","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(00)00157-1","article-title":"Circadian rhythms: Interactions with seizures and epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Quigg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1962.tb05235.x","article-title":"The grand mal epilepsies and the sleeping-waking cycle","volume":"3","author":"Janz","year":"1962","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.04.071","article-title":"Seizure occurrence and the circadian rhythm of cortisol: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Valentijn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0339-2","article-title":"Chronopharmacology of anti-convulsive therapy","volume":"13","author":"Ramgopal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03023.x","article-title":"Circadian distribution and sleep\/wake patterns of generalized seizures in children","volume":"52","author":"Zarowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2016.04.004","article-title":"Sleep-wake distribution and circadian patterns of epileptic seizures in children","volume":"20","author":"Gurkas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2010.05.005","article-title":"Bimodal ultradian seizure periodicity in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"19","author":"Karafin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000308938.84918.3f","article-title":"Temporal distributions of seizure occurrence from various epileptogenic regions","volume":"70","author":"Durazzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182553c23","article-title":"Diurnal pattern of seizures outside the hospital: Is there a time of circadian vulnerability?","volume":"78","author":"Pavlova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.11.017","article-title":"Higher evening antiepileptic drug dose for nocturnal and early-morning seizures","volume":"20","author":"Guilhoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Gowers, W.R. (1885). Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Disease, William Wood & Company:."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.8.56","article-title":"Relationship of epileptic seizures to sleep stage and sleep depth","volume":"25","author":"Minecan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11711.x","article-title":"Mental and behavioural deterioration of children with epilepsy and CSWS: Acquired epileptic frontal syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Davidoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(00)00127-3","article-title":"The spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities associated with electrical status epilepticus in sleep","volume":"22","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-016-0402-9","article-title":"Sleep-Related Epilepsy","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Treat Options Neurol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00409-0","article-title":"Epilepsy with grand mal on awakening and sleep-waking cycle","volume":"111","author":"Janz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"56","article-title":"The place of sleep disorder centers in the evaluation and treatment of chronic insomniacs","volume":"15","author":"Billiard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/155005948201300103","article-title":"The aphasia-epilepsy syndrome in children: Electroencephalographic aspects","volume":"13","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Electroencephalogr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.11.024","article-title":"Astrocytic modulation of sleep homeostasis and cognitive consequences of sleep loss","volume":"61","author":"Halassa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22465","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived adenosine modulates increased sleep pressure during inflammatory response","volume":"61","author":"Nadjar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.10.001","article-title":"Local sleep","volume":"43","author":"Krueger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c190022","article-title":"Role of Glia in the Regulation of Sleep in Health and Disease","volume":"10","author":"Garofalo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104944","article-title":"Microglia dynamics in sleep\/wake states and in response to sleep loss","volume":"143","author":"Deurveilher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.02.003","article-title":"Sleep and immune function: Glial contributions and consequences of aging","volume":"23","author":"Ingiosi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2018","article-title":"The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease","volume":"99","author":"Besedovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52006-7.00015-0","article-title":"Cytokines in immune function and sleep regulation","volume":"98","author":"Krueger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3258444","article-title":"Interleukin-1 immunoreactive innervation of the human hypothalamus","volume":"240","author":"Breder","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903370403","article-title":"Distribution and characterization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-like immunoreactivity in the murine central nervous system","volume":"337","author":"Breder","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"R994","article-title":"Sleep-promoting effects of endogenous pyrogen (interleukin-1)","volume":"246","author":"Krueger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"R142","article-title":"Recombinant tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 enhance slow-wave sleep","volume":"253","author":"Shoham","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R197","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00828.2005","article-title":"Inhibition of caspase-1 in rat brain reduces spontaneous nonrapid eye movement sleep and nonrapid eye movement sleep enhancement induced by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"291","author":"Imeri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1089\/107999099313244","article-title":"Interleukin-10 inhibits spontaneous sleep in rabbits","volume":"19","author":"Kushikata","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.721466.x","article-title":"Interleukin-10 inhibits both production of cytokines and expression of cytokine receptors in microglia","volume":"72","author":"Sawada","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.02.003","article-title":"Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on cytokine-induced sickness behavior in mice","volume":"20","author":"Bluthe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272134","article-title":"Microglia across the lifespan: From origin to function in brain development, plasticity and cognition","volume":"595","author":"Tay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034406","article-title":"Microglia in Physiology and Disease","volume":"79","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14697","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2111-14.2014","article-title":"Sleep restriction impairs blood-brain barrier function","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3617","article-title":"Neurogenic neuroinflammation: Inflammatory CNS reactions in response to neuronal activity","volume":"15","author":"Xanthos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.08.014","article-title":"Sleep loss and inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Mullington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"801341","article-title":"Sleep loss as a factor to induce cellular and molecular inflammatory variations","volume":"2013","author":"Pavon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"4576012","article-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Induced by Chronic Sleep Loss: Low-Grade Inflammation May Be the Link","volume":"2016","author":"Pavon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09522","article-title":"Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier","volume":"468","author":"Armulik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.077","article-title":"Sleep loss disrupts pericyte-brain endothelial cell interactions impairing blood-brain barrier function","volume":"89","author":"Konigsberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000049025","article-title":"An age-related decline in interleukin-10 may contribute to the increased expression of interleukin-6 in brain of aged mice","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2012.11.012","article-title":"Improvement of oxidative stress and immunity by melatonin: An age dependent study in golden hamster","volume":"48","author":"Vishwas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R905","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.278.4.R905","article-title":"Systemic bacterial invasion induced by sleep deprivation","volume":"278","author":"Everson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aho, V., Ollila, H.M., Rantanen, V., Kronholm, E., Surakka, I., van Leeuwen, W.M., Lehto, M., Matikainen, S., Ripatti, S., and Harma, M. (2013). Partial sleep restriction activates immune response-related gene expression pathways: Experimental and epidemiological studies in humans. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077184"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2003.11.002","article-title":"Exploring the cytokine and endocrine involvement in narcolepsy","volume":"18","author":"Okun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2014.06.023","article-title":"Increased plasma IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and G-CSF in Japanese narcolepsy","volume":"75","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-5428(94)00043-N","article-title":"Narcolepsy and immunity","volume":"5","author":"Mignot","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70075-4","article-title":"Narcolepsy as an autoimmune disease: The role of H1N1 infection and vaccination","volume":"13","author":"Partinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:29:1:41","article-title":"Different neuronal phenotypes in the lateral hypothalamus and their role in sleep and wakefulness","volume":"29","author":"Gerashchenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.16.1686","article-title":"Sleep and health: Everywhere and in both directions","volume":"166","author":"Zee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slsci.2016.10.007","article-title":"Sleep, immunity and shift workers: A review","volume":"9","author":"Almeida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Sci"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"131","article-title":"The effect of shift work on cellular immune function","volume":"11","author":"Nakano","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Hum. Ergol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200211000-00005","article-title":"Prevalence of common infections among employees in different work schedules","volume":"44","author":"Mohren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.10-0072-OA","article-title":"Effects of fatigue on immune function in nurses performing shift work","volume":"53","author":"Nagai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-5-18","article-title":"The impact of shift work induced chronic circadian disruption on IL-6 and TNF-alpha immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Weiler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.MS1210","article-title":"Influence of shift-work on selected immune variables in nurses","volume":"49","author":"Copertaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117184","article-title":"Leukocytosis and natural killer cell function parallel neurobehavioral fatigue induced by 64 hours of sleep deprivation","volume":"93","author":"Dinges","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-5428(95)00002-J","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and human immune function","volume":"5","author":"Dinges","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.07.001","article-title":"Impact of partial sleep deprivation on immune markers","volume":"14","author":"Mustafa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199411000-00004","article-title":"Partial sleep deprivation reduces natural killer cell activity in humans","volume":"56","author":"Irwin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axelsson, J., Rehman, J.U., Akerstedt, T., Ekman, R., Miller, G.E., Hoglund, C.O., and Lekander, M. (2013). Effects of sustained sleep restriction on mitogen-stimulated cytokines, chemokines and T helper 1\/ T helper 2 balance in humans. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082291"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.5.8621064","article-title":"Partial night sleep deprivation reduces natural killer and cellular immune responses in humans","volume":"10","author":"Irwin","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.04.004","article-title":"Short natural sleep is associated with higher T cell and lower NK cell activities","volume":"25","author":"Fondell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(99)80066-6","article-title":"Initial and innate responses to viral infections--pattern setting in immunity or disease","volume":"2","author":"Biron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.189","article-title":"Natural killer cells in antiviral defense: Function and regulation by innate cytokines","volume":"17","author":"Biron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03231-1","article-title":"Natural cytotoxic activity of peripheral-blood lymphocytes and cancer incidence: An 11-year follow-up study of a general population","volume":"356","author":"Imai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","article-title":"Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Experimental Sleep Deprivation","volume":"80","author":"Irwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.148","article-title":"Sleep Health: Reciprocal Regulation of Sleep and Innate Immunity","volume":"42","author":"Irwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.09.017","article-title":"Sleep loss activates cellular inflammation and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family proteins in humans","volume":"47","author":"Irwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.004","article-title":"Sleep loss activates cellular inflammatory signaling","volume":"64","author":"Irwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.06.002","article-title":"Hypobaric hypoxia induces oxidative stress in rat brain","volume":"49","author":"Maiti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2020.6186","article-title":"The Role of Autophagy in Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation","volume":"40","author":"Sha","year":"2021","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200211-1264OC","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase 2 and intermittent hypoxia-induced spatial deficits in the rat","volume":"168","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200504-581OC","article-title":"NADPH oxidase mediates hypersomnolence and brain oxidative injury in a murine model of sleep apnea","volume":"172","author":"Zhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06535.x","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia during sleep induces reactive gliosis and limited neuronal death in rats: Implications for sleep apnea","volume":"112","author":"Angelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5042","article-title":"Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Induces Chronic Low-Grade Neuroinflammation in the Dorsal Hippocampus of Mice","volume":"38","author":"Sapin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77348-9","article-title":"Author Correction: Multicellular 3D Neurovascular Unit Model for Assessing Hypoxia and Neuroinflammation Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Nzou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(01)00507-X","article-title":"Anorectic effects of circulating cytokines: Role of the vascular blood-brain barrier","volume":"17","author":"Banks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.05.001","article-title":"Functions and mechanisms of microglia\/macrophages in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis after stroke","volume":"142","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081055","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression by hypoxia","volume":"414","author":"Kenneth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.06.038","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced iNOS expression in microglia is regulated by the PI3-kinase\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway and activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha","volume":"72","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18154","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602235103","article-title":"Prolyl hydroxylase-1 negatively regulates IkappaB kinase-beta, giving insight into hypoxia-induced NFkappaB activity","volume":"103","author":"Cummins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07069.x","article-title":"Inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB alpha derepresses hypoxia-inducible factor-1 during moderate hypoxia by sequestering factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor from hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha","volume":"276","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Uden, P., Kenneth, N.S., Webster, R., Muller, H.A., Mudie, S., and Rocha, S. (2011). Evolutionary conserved regulation of HIF-1beta by NF-kappaB. PLoS Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001285"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.05.011","article-title":"STAT1 drives M1 microglia activation and neuroinflammation under hypoxia","volume":"669","author":"Butturini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1193-6","article-title":"Valproic acid attenuates traumatic spinal cord injury-induced inflammation via STAT1 and NF-kappaB pathway dependent of HDAC3","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.09.002","article-title":"Mechanism and Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voet, S., Srinivasan, S., Lamkanfi, M., and van Loo, G. (2019). Inflammasomes in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. EMBO Mol. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201810248"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2185-0","article-title":"The NLRP3 Inflammasome is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2032s Disease in Rats","volume":"42","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628168","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.628168","article-title":"NLRP3 Deficiency Protects Against Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial ROS by Promoting the PINK1-Parkin Pathway of Mitophagy in a Murine Model of Sleep Apnea","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.00298.x","article-title":"Brain inflammation in epilepsy: Experimental and clinical evidence","volume":"46","author":"Vezzani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1079130","article-title":"Immunity and inflammation in status epilepticus and its sequelae: Possibilities for therapeutic application","volume":"15","author":"Vezzani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0217-x","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarkers in epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Vezzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.178","article-title":"The role of inflammation in epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Vezzani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.11.002","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways of seizure disorders","volume":"37","author":"Marchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1192-7","article-title":"The role of inflammation in the development of epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Rana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.020","article-title":"The pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Over one decade later, with more rodent species and new investigative approaches","volume":"130","author":"Levesque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2016.03.001","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Small Molecules To Treat Seizures and Epilepsy: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"37","author":"Dey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0742-3","article-title":"Interictal cytokine levels were correlated to seizure severity of epileptic patients: A retrospective study on 1218 epileptic patients","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17023","article-title":"Inflammatory and neurotrophic factor plasma levels are related to epilepsy independently of etiology","volume":"62","author":"Alvim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00974","article-title":"Elevated Blood C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients With Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12112","article-title":"Blood plasma inflammation markers during epileptogenesis in post-status epilepticus rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Holtman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.07.021","article-title":"High serum levels of proinflammatory markers during epileptogenesis. Can omega-3 fatty acid administration reduce this process?","volume":"51","author":"Gouveia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806682105","article-title":"Microglial activation and TNFalpha production mediate altered CNS excitability following peripheral inflammation","volume":"105","author":"Riazi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50542-0","article-title":"Intestinal inflammation increases convulsant activity and reduces antiepileptic drug efficacy in a mouse model of epilepsy","volume":"9","author":"Leo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-015-0157-8","article-title":"Peripheral inflammation increases seizure susceptibility via the induction of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-135","article-title":"Increased levels of HMGB1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in children with febrile seizures","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"5125","article-title":"HMGB1 mediates microglia activation via the TLR4\/NF-kappaB pathway in coriaria lactone induced epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7374","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20197374","article-title":"Circulating high mobility group box-1 and toll-like receptor 4 expressions increase the risk and severity of epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Kan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2021.106767","article-title":"CSF high-mobility group box 1 is associated with drug-resistance and symptomatic etiology in adult patients with epilepsy","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92001","article-title":"Molecular isoforms of high-mobility group box 1 are mechanistic biomarkers for epilepsy","volume":"127","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01325-y","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2010.12.005","article-title":"Cytokines and epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2007.00165.x","article-title":"New roles for interleukin-1 Beta in the mechanisms of epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Vezzani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.11.002","article-title":"Modulation of neuronal excitability by immune mediators in epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Iori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s42494-021-00048-y","article-title":"HMGB1, neuronal excitability and epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Epileptol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.10.014","article-title":"Brain expression of inflammatory mediators in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy patients","volume":"313","author":"Leal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.12.032","article-title":"Therapeutic window for cyclooxygenase-2 related anti-inflammatory therapy after status epilepticus","volume":"76","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.9.901","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases","volume":"63","author":"Minghetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2019.1554056","article-title":"The COX-2\/prostanoid signaling cascades in seizure disorders","volume":"23","author":"Rojas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14850","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3922-11.2011","article-title":"Ablation of cyclooxygenase-2 in forebrain neurons is neuroprotective and dampens brain inflammation after status epilepticus","volume":"31","author":"Serrano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1592-3","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors: Future therapeutic strategies for epilepsy management","volume":"16","author":"Rawat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12461","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 in epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Rojas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.02.003","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical and experimental epilepsy","volume":"131","author":"Radu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218498110","article-title":"Inhibition of the prostaglandin receptor EP2 following status epilepticus reduces delayed mortality and brain inflammation","volume":"110","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.07.028","article-title":"Inhibition of the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 prevents status epilepticus-induced deficits in the novel object recognition task in rats","volume":"110","author":"Rojas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.01.017","article-title":"Inhibition of the prostaglandin EP2 receptor is neuroprotective and accelerates functional recovery in a rat model of organophosphorus induced status epilepticus","volume":"93","author":"Rojas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00969-5","article-title":"A Novel Second-Generation EP2 Receptor Antagonist Reduces Neuroinflammation and Gliosis After Status Epilepticus in Rats","volume":"18","author":"Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz, P., and Garcia-Gimeno, M.A. (2020). Reactive Glia Inflammatory Signaling Pathways and Epilepsy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114096"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24988","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24988","article-title":"Spatiotemporal profile of Map2 and microglial changes in the hippocampal CA1 region following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus","volume":"6","author":"Schartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00700","article-title":"Status Epilepticus Triggers Time-Dependent Alterations in Microglia Abundance and Morphological Phenotypes in the Hippocampus","volume":"8","author":"Herr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sano, F., Shigetomi, E., Shinozaki, Y., Tsuzukiyama, H., Saito, K., Mikoshiba, K., Horiuchi, H., Cheung, D.L., Nabekura, J., and Sugita, K. (2021). Reactive astrocyte-driven epileptogenesis is induced by microglia initially activated following status epilepticus. JCI Insight, 6.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135391"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy276","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes in the human epileptic temporal lobe","volume":"141","author":"Milior","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_259","unstructured":"Altmann, A., Ryten, M., Di Nunzio, M., Ravizza, T., Tolomeo, D., Reynolds, R.H., Somani, A., Bacigaluppi, M., Iori, V., and Micotti, E. (2021). A systems-level analysis highlights microglial activation as a modifying factor in common epilepsies. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.04.002","article-title":"Astrocytes in the epileptic brain","volume":"58","author":"Wetherington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22312","article-title":"Astrocyte immune responses in epilepsy","volume":"60","author":"Aronica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.11.008","article-title":"Glia and epilepsy: Excitability and inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Devinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a022863","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022863","article-title":"Glutamatergic Mechanisms Associated with Seizures and Epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.300976","article-title":"Pro-and anti-epileptic roles of microglia","volume":"16","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural. Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.028","article-title":"Microglial depletion aggravates the severity of acute and chronic seizures in mice","volume":"89","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16956","article-title":"Microglia proliferation plays distinct roles in acquired epilepsy depending on disease stages","volume":"62","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7593","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2754-19.2020","article-title":"Microglial mTOR is Neuronal Protective and Antiepileptogenic in the Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.M., Zhao, X.F., Liao, Y., Mathur, R., McCallum, S.E., Mazurkiewicz, J.E., Adamo, M.A., Feustel, P., Belin, S., and Poitelon, Y. (2021). Deficiency of Microglial Autophagy Increases the Density of Oligodendrocytes and Susceptibility to Severe Forms of Seizures. eNeuro, 8.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0183-20.2021"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006","article-title":"Reactive Astrocytes: Production, Function, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"46","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Daneman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03637.x","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and epilepsy: Pathophysiologic role and therapeutic approaches","volume":"53","author":"Marchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl318","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"130","author":"Redeker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl317","article-title":"TGF-beta receptor-mediated albumin uptake into astrocytes is involved in neocortical epileptogenesis","volume":"130","author":"Ivens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0503-0","article-title":"TGF-beta1 regulates human brain pericyte inflammatory processes involved in neurovasculature function","volume":"13","author":"Rustenhoven","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamanaka, G., Takata, F., Kataoka, Y., Kanou, K., Morichi, S., Dohgu, S., and Kawashima, H. (2021). The Neuroinflammatory Role of Pericytes in Epilepsy. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070759"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604263113","article-title":"Infiltrating monocytes promote brain inflammation and exacerbate neuronal damage after status epilepticus","volume":"113","author":"Varvel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6210-10.2011","article-title":"Brain infiltration of leukocytes contributes to the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"31","author":"Zattoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2040-20.2020","article-title":"Peripheral Myeloid Cell EP2 Activation Contributes to the Deleterious Consequences of Status Epilepticus","volume":"41","author":"Varvel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0369-8","article-title":"MicroRNAs as regulators of brain function and targets for treatment of epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07122.x","article-title":"Expression pattern of miR-146a, an inflammation-associated microRNA, in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"31","author":"Aronica","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_281","first-page":"5356","article-title":"Antagonist targeting microRNA-146a protects against lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats by nuclear factor-kappaB pathway","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-019-0821-2","article-title":"Inhibition of microRNA-103a inhibits the activation of astrocytes in hippocampus tissues and improves the pathological injury of neurons of epilepsy rats by regulating BDNF","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8499","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.916458","article-title":"MicroRNA-27a-3p Downregulation Inhibits Inflammatory Response and Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Apoptosis by Upregulating Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 4 (MAP2K4) Expression in Epilepsy: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147130","article-title":"Downregulation of MicroRNA-34c-5p facilitated neuroinflammation in drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"1749","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E51","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.5.e51","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of ibuprofen syrup administered during febrile illnesses to prevent febrile seizure recurrences","volume":"102","author":"Steyerberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchi, N., Granata, T., Freri, E., Ciusani, E., Ragona, F., Puvenna, V., Teng, Q., Alexopolous, A., and Janigro, D. (2011). Efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy in a model of acute seizures and in a population of pediatric drug resistant epileptics. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018200"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.10.003","article-title":"A prospective study of dexamethasone therapy in refractory epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.12.009","article-title":"Minocycline as potent anticonvulsant in a patient with astrocytoma and drug resistant epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Nowak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.12.031","article-title":"Does aspirin use make it harder to collect seizures during elective video-EEG telemetry?","volume":"27","author":"Godfred","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jyonouchi, H., and Geng, L. (2016). Intractable Epilepsy (IE) and Responses to Anakinra, a Human RecombinantIL-1 Receptor Agonist (IL-1ra): Case Reports. J. Clin. Cell Immunol., 7.","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9899.1000456"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25374","article-title":"Tocilizumab treatment for new onset refractory status epilepticus","volume":"84","author":"Jun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1535759720903032","article-title":"Remarkably High Efficacy of Cenobamate in Adults With Focal-Onset Seizures: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Vossler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint13020026","article-title":"Cenobamate, a Sodium Channel Inhibitor and Positive Allosteric Modulator of GABAA Ion Channels, for Partial Onset Seizures in Adults: A Comprehensive Review and Clinical Implications","volume":"13","author":"Latimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000623","article-title":"Allopregnanolone levels and seizure frequency in progesterone-treated women with epilepsy","volume":"83","author":"Herzog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2018.07.022","article-title":"The anti-seizure effects of IV 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone on amygdala-kindled seizures in rats","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lattanzi, S., Riva, A., and Striano, P. (2021). Ganaxolone treatment for epilepsy patients: From pharmacology to place in therapy. Expert Rev. Neurother., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1904895"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.00915.x","article-title":"Anticonvulsant mechanisms of the ketogenic diet","volume":"48","author":"Bough","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70092-9","article-title":"The ketogenic diet for the treatment of childhood epilepsy: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Neal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810376443","article-title":"Do patients with absence epilepsy respond to ketogenic diets?","volume":"26","author":"Groomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12098","article-title":"Ketogenic diet for treatment of intractable epilepsy in adults: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51423","article-title":"Metabolism-based therapies for epilepsy: New directions for future cures","volume":"8","author":"Cervenka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.02.016","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, inhibits the altered hippocampal neurogenesis with attenuation of spontaneous recurrent seizures following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus","volume":"23","author":"Jung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaegh, H., Eweis, H., Kamal, F., and Alrafiah, A. (2021). Celecoxib Decrease Seizures Susceptibility in a Rat Model of Inflammation by Inhibiting HMGB1 Translocation. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14040380"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(09)08","article-title":"Indomethacin can downregulate the levels of inflammatory mediators in the hippocampus of rats submitted to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus","volume":"69","author":"Vieira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.05.058","article-title":"Aspirin attenuates spontaneous recurrent seizures and inhibits hippocampal neuronal loss, mossy fiber sprouting and aberrant neurogenesis following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats","volume":"1469","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2017.1326657","article-title":"Aspirin attenuates spontaneous recurrent seizures in the chronically epileptic mice","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02875-5","article-title":"Effect of Ibuprofen on Autophagy of Astrocytes During Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epilepsy and its Significance: An Experimental Study","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.08.025","article-title":"Fingolimod (FTY720) inhibits neuroinflammation and attenuates spontaneous convulsions in lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus in rat model","volume":"103","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0308-6","article-title":"FTY720 attenuates excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation","volume":"12","author":"Cipriani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1109-5","article-title":"Effects of dexamethasone on the Li-pilocarpine model of epilepsy: Protection against hippocampal inflammation and astrogliosis","volume":"15","author":"Vizuete","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.02.011","article-title":"Suppressing pro-inflammatory prostaglandin signaling attenuates excitotoxicity-associated neuronal inflammation and injury","volume":"149","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, D.S. (2021). Neurosteroid replacement therapy for catamenial epilepsy, postpartum depression and neuroendocrine disorders in women. J. Neuroendocrinol., e13028.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13028"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1159\/000509093","article-title":"Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone Are Reduced in the Hippocampus of Epileptic Rats, but Only Allopregnanolone Correlates with Seizure Frequency","volume":"111","author":"Lucchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(09)17515-5","article-title":"Progesterone as a neuroprotective factor in traumatic and ischemic brain injury","volume":"175","author":"Sayeed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.04.006","article-title":"Repurposing and repositioning neurosteroids in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: A report from the trenches","volume":"147","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100788","article-title":"Neurosteroids as regulators of neuroinflammation","volume":"55","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.09.001","article-title":"Progesterone and allopregnanolone in the central nervous system: Response to injury and implication for neuroprotection","volume":"146","author":"Guennoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guennoun, R. (2020). Progesterone in the Brain: Hormone, Neurosteroid and Neuroprotectant. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155271"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00266-5","article-title":"Acetoacetate protects hippocampal neurons against glutamate-mediated neuronal damage during glycolysis inhibition","volume":"120","author":"Massieu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200609000-00009","article-title":"Neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of the ketogenic diet","volume":"17","author":"Gasior","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00005","article-title":"Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: What We Know So Far","volume":"13","author":"Pires","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13038","article-title":"Ketogenic diet exhibits anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"56","author":"Dupuis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00707-0","article-title":"Bioenergetic state regulates innate inflammatory responses through the transcriptional co-repressor CtBP","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562853","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.562853","article-title":"Proteomics for Studying the Effects of Ketogenic Diet Against Lithium Chloride\/Pilocarpine Induced Epilepsy in Rats","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.02.024","article-title":"Changes in gene expression in the frontal cortex of rats with pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus after sleep deprivation","volume":"27","author":"Hirotsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.02.001","article-title":"The effects of sleep deprivation on microRNA expression in rats submitted to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus","volume":"51","author":"Matos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, T.R., Jou, S.B., Chou, Y.J., Yi, P.L., Chen, C.J., and Chang, F.C. (2016). Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) mediates epilepsy-induced sleep disruption. BMC Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-016-0309-0"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119303","article-title":"Electrophysiological and neurochemical evaluation of the adverse effects of REM sleep deprivation and epileptic seizures on rat\u2019s brain","volume":"273","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_329","first-page":"85","article-title":"Neurochemical effects of sleep deprivation in the hippocampus of the pilocarpine-induced rat model of epilepsy","volume":"24","author":"Noor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16904","article-title":"Regional microglial populations in central autonomic brain regions in SUDEP","volume":"62","author":"Somani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.11.008","article-title":"Evaluation of sleep quality in patients with refractory seizures who undergo epilepsy surgery","volume":"17","author":"Carrion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2012.01.007","article-title":"Sleep before and after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery","volume":"21","author":"Serafini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.11.017","article-title":"Effect of successful epilepsy surgery on subjective and objective sleep parameters--a prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Zanzmera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00834.x","article-title":"Ketogenic diet improves sleep quality in children with therapy-resistant epilepsy","volume":"48","author":"Hallbook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14548","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in refractory epilepsy: A pilot study investigating frequency, clinical features, and association with risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"59","author":"McCarter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A310","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab072.794","article-title":"797 Obstructive Sleep Apnea is a Risk Factor for Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)","volume":"44","author":"Soontornpun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000323927.13250.54","article-title":"Treating obstructive sleep apnea in adults with epilepsy: A randomized pilot trial","volume":"71","author":"Malow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2003.06.004","article-title":"Identification and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults and children with epilepsy: A prospective pilot study","volume":"4","author":"Malow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000092306","article-title":"Epilepsy and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"55","author":"Hollinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03214.x","article-title":"Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on seizure control in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Vendrame","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2012.07.016","article-title":"Characteristics of refractory vs. medically controlled epilepsy patients with obstructive sleep apnea and their response to CPAP treatment","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.07.005","article-title":"Effect of positive airway pressure therapy on seizure control in patients with epilepsy and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"37","author":"Pornsriniyom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.03.005","article-title":"Effect of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea on seizure outcomes in children with epilepsy","volume":"46","author":"Segal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7214","article-title":"Positive Airway Pressure Therapy Is Challenging for Patients With Epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Latreille","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106498","article-title":"Factors determining the long-term compliance with PAP therapy in patients with sleep-related epilepsy","volume":"202","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1112","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.09.67","article-title":"When continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) fails","volume":"8","author":"Virk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1835-1","article-title":"Pediatric sleep disturbances and treatment with melatonin","volume":"17","author":"Esposito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2019-0088","article-title":"The role of melatonin and its analogues in epilepsy","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.11.002","article-title":"Melatonin and sleep-related problems in children with intractable epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Elkhayat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811435916","article-title":"Effect of melatonin on seizure frequency in intractable epilepsy: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Oren","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.01.005","article-title":"Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study","volume":"16","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00083","article-title":"Melatonin as an Antiepileptic Molecule: Therapeutic Implications via Neuroprotective and Inflammatory Mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Akyuz","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanley, D., Talathi, S., and Carney, P. (2014). Chronotherapy in the treatment of epilepsy. ChronoPhysiology Ther., 109\u2013123.","DOI":"10.2147\/CPT.S54530"},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.06.032","article-title":"The role of chronobiology in drug-resistance epilepsy: The potential use of a variability and chronotherapy-based individualized platform for improving the response to anti-seizure drugs","volume":"80","author":"Potruch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666201230142716","article-title":"The Management and Alternative Therapies for Comorbid Sleep Disorders in Epilepsy","volume":"19","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0752-z","article-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions in Epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Schachter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107371","article-title":"Testing an app-based intervention to improve insomnia in patients with epilepsy: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"112","author":"Ahorsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106884","article-title":"Group-based cognitive behavioral therapy program for improving poor sleep quality and quality of life in people with epilepsy: A pilot study","volume":"104","author":"Paardekooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12478","article-title":"Effects of epilepsy treatments on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness: An evidence-based review of objective sleep metrics","volume":"55","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2018.08.013","article-title":"Neuroendocrine aspects of improving sleep in epilepsy","volume":"147","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01021-w","article-title":"Sleep and Epilepsy: A Focused Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Syndromes, Co-morbidities, and Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_362","first-page":"670682","article-title":"Epilepsy, antiseizure therapy, and sleep cycle parameters","volume":"2013","author":"Shvarts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res. Treat."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/22\/12531\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:33:26Z","timestamp":1760168006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/22\/12531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"references-count":362,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222212531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222212531","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]}}}