{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:56:13Z","timestamp":1781718973396,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Magnesium (Mg) is one of the most promising materials for human use in surgery due to material characteristics such as its elastic modulus as well as its resorbable and regenerative properties. In this study, HF-coated and uncoated novel bioresorbable magnesium fixation screws for maxillofacial and dental surgical applications were investigated in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the biocompatibility of the HF coating. Methods: Mg alloy screws that had either undergone a surface treatment with hydrofluoric-acid (HF) or left untreated were investigated. In vitro investigation included XTT, BrdU and LDH in accordance with the DIN ISO 10993-5\/-12. In vivo, the screws were implanted into the tibia of rabbits. After 3 and 6 weeks, degradation, local tissue reactions and bony integration were analyzed histopathologically and histomorphometrically. Additionally, SEM\/EDX analysis and synchrotron phase-contrast microtomography (\u00b5CT) measurements were conducted. The in vitro analyses revealed that the Mg screws are cytocompatible, with improved results when the surface had been passivated with HF. In vivo, the HF-treated Mg screws implanted showed a reduction in gas formation, slower biodegradation and a better bony integration in comparison to the untreated Mg screws. Histopathologically, the HF-passivated screws induced a layer of macrophages as part of its biodegradation process, whereas the untreated screws caused a slight fibrous tissue reaction. SEM\/EDX analysis showed that both screws formed a similar layer of calcium phosphates on their surfaces and were surrounded by bone. Furthermore, the \u00b5CT revealed the presence of a metallic core of the screws, a faster absorbing corrosion front and a slow absorbing region of corroded magnesium. Conclusions: Overall, the HF-passivated Mg fixation screws showed significantly better biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo compared to the untreated screws.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T02:46:08Z","timestamp":1637721968000},"page":"12567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Biocompatibility Analyses of HF-Passivated Magnesium Screws for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8005-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xploraytion GmbH, 10625 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18108 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, University of Ni\u0161, 18108 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Seim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xploraytion GmbH, 10625 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0374-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timm","family":"Weitkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milijana","family":"Batinic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ceramic Materials, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute for Materials Science and Technologies, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Histology, Embryology, Pathology Anatomy and Pathology Histology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Goerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ceramic Materials, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute for Materials Science and Technologies, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8250-723X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljka Peri\u0107","family":"Ka\u010darevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Histology, Embryology, Pathology Anatomy and Pathology Histology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3620-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Rider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BerlinAnalytix GmbH, 12109 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2411-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stevo","family":"Najman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18108 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, University of Ni\u0161, 18108 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Barbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BerlinAnalytix GmbH, 12109 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13061","article-title":"Effectiveness of vertical ridge augmentation interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Urban","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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