{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T19:13:32Z","timestamp":1781291612821,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although it is known that textile wastewater contains highly toxic contaminants whose effects in humans represent public health problems in several countries, studies involving mammal species are scarce. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity profile of 90-days oral administration of textile dyeing effluent (TDE) on oxidative stress status and histological changes of male mice. The TDE was collected from the textile plant of Monastir, Tunisia and evaluated for the metals, aromatic amines, and textile dyes using analytical approaches. Metal analysis by ICP-MS showed that the tested TDE exhibited very high levels of Cr, As, and Sr, which exceeded the wastewater emission limits prescribed by WHO and Tunisian authority. The screening of TDE through UPLC-MS\/MS confirmed the presence of two textile dyes: a triphenylmethane dye (Crystal violet) and a disperse azo dye (Disperse yellow 3). Exposure to TDE significantly altered the malondialdehyde (MDA), Conjugated dienes (CDs), Sulfhydryl proteins (SHP) and catalase levels in the hepatic and renal tissues. Furthermore, histopathology observation showed that hepatocellular and renal lesions were induced by TDE exposure. The present study concluded that TDE may involve induction of oxidative stress which ensues in pathological lesions in several vital organs suggesting its high toxicity. Metals and textile dyes may be associated with the observed toxicological effects of the TDE. These pollutants, which may have seeped into surrounding rivers in Monastir city, can cause severe health malaise in wildlife and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T02:46:08Z","timestamp":1637721968000},"page":"12568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Occurrence of Textile Dyes and Metals in Tunisian Textile Dyeing Effluent: Effects on Oxidative Stress Status and Histological Changes in Balb\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nosra","family":"Methneni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Analysis, Process Applied to the Environment\u2013APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Chemical Residues and Contaminants, Direction of Food Medicines and Consumer Safety, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khawla","family":"Ezdini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouha","family":"Ben Abdeljelil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-3371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris","family":"Van Loco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemical Residues and Contaminants, Direction of Food Medicines and Consumer Safety, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Van den Houwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemical Residues and Contaminants, Direction of Food Medicines and Consumer Safety, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riheb","family":"Jabeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Matter and Life Sciences, Bretagne Sud University, IRDL, FRE CNRS 3744, CER Yves Coppens, BP573, 56000 Vannes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ons","family":"Fekih Sallem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Analysis, Process Applied to the Environment\u2013APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlem","family":"Jaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Analysis, Process Applied to the Environment\u2013APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Fernandez-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7130-3402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nezar H.","family":"Khdary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7936-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hedi","family":"Ben Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Analysis, Process Applied to the Environment\u2013APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2008.113","article-title":"Wastewater characteristics in textile finishing mills","volume":"7","author":"Savin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. 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