{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:12:09Z","timestamp":1777950729574,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent and debilitating neurodegenerative conditions, and is currently on the rise. Several dysregulated pathways are behind the pathogenesis of PD; however, the critical targets remain unclear. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to reveal the key dysregulated pathways in PD. Prevailing reports have highlighted the importance of mitochondrial and cross-talked mediators in neurological disorders, genetic changes, and related complications of PD. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms of PD, as well as the low efficacy and side effects of conventional neuroprotective therapies, drive the need for finding novel alternative agents. Recently, much attention has been paid to using plant secondary metabolites (e.g., flavonoids\/phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids) in the modulation of PD-associated manifestations by targeting mitochondria. In this line, plant secondary metabolites have shown promising potential for the simultaneous modulation of mitochondrial apoptosis and reactive oxygen species. This review aimed to address mitochondria and multiple dysregulated pathways in PD by plant-derived secondary metabolites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T02:46:08Z","timestamp":1637721968000},"page":"12570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Targeting Mitochondria by Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Promising Strategy in Combating Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sajad","family":"Fakhri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5680-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadaf","family":"Abdian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyede Nazanin","family":"Zarneshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5829-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra K\u00fcpeli","family":"Akkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7081-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hosein","family":"Farzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2790-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Sobarzo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01148-5","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives of Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Narrative Review","volume":"37","author":"Rekatsina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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