{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:01:00Z","timestamp":1792623660867,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Incomplete excision of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) may result in recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (RPA). Furthermore, long-term neglected PA may become carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA). In the present study, the relationships between mast cell-derived chymase and these tumors were examined. The tumor tissues of PA consisted of either or both glandular and fibrotic structures. Histological features of RPA were almost similar to those of PA, except that they showed multinodular structures. CXPA is composed of a mixture of PA and carcinoma. The main stromal cells in PA were myofibroblasts, whereas fibroblasts constituted the main cellular portion in the stromal tissue of RPA. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were present abundantly in CXPA. With increased VEGF expression, neovascularization tended to increase in RPA or CXPA. Compared with PA, chymase-positive mast cells, as well as chymase gene expression, were increased in the tumor tissues from patients with RPA or CXPA. SCF, TGF\u03b21, and PCNA-positive staining was widely observed in these tumor tissues. The above results suggest that mast cell-derived chymase through its direct or cooperative effects with other mediators may participate in the pathophysiology of RPA and CXPA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"12613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Increase in Chymase-Positive Mast Cells in Recurrent Pleomorphic Adenoma and Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid Gland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4721-3121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ichita","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5820-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Higashino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Terada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Kurisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Takai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kawata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"McGurk, M., and Combes, J.M. 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