{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:53:55Z","timestamp":1789685635154,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fond national de recherche scientifique","award":["J.0146.17 and T.0217.18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J.0146.17 and T.0217.18"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA24726; P30 DK120515; P50 AA011999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA24726; P30 DK120515; P50 AA011999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic alcohol consumption and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) represent a major public health problem worldwide. Only a minority of patients with an alcohol-use disorder (AUD) develop severe forms of liver disease (e.g., steatohepatitis and fibrosis) and finally progress to the more advanced stages of ALD, such as severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and decompensated cirrhosis. Emerging evidence suggests that gut barrier dysfunction is multifactorial, implicating microbiota changes, alterations in the intestinal epithelium, and immune dysfunction. This failing gut barrier ultimately allows microbial antigens, microbes, and metabolites to translocate to the liver and into systemic circulation. Subsequent activation of immune and inflammatory responses contributes to liver disease progression. Here we review the literature about the disturbance of the different host defense mechanisms linked to gut barrier dysfunction, increased microbial translocation, and impairment of liver and systemic inflammatory responses in the different stages of ALD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"12687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Host Factors in Dysregulation of the Gut Barrier Function during Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Maccioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Unversit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle A.","family":"Leclercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Unversit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Schnabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"St\u00e4rkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Unversit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). 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