{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T20:31:22Z","timestamp":1784925082645,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACyT)","award":["CB-2008-01 No. 106619."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB-2008-01 No. 106619."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individual differences in coping with stress may determine either a vulnerable or resilient phenotype. Therefore, it is important to better understand the biology underlying the behavioral phenotype. We assessed whether individual behavioral phenotype to acute stress is related with the hippocampal expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), Nurr1, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Wistar male rats were exposed to forced swimming for 15 min and sacrificed at different times. Behavioral response was analyzed, and it was compared with the gene and protein expression of GR, Nurr1, IL-1\u03b2 and BDNF in the hippocampus for each time point. Behavioral phenotyping showed a group with high immobility (vulnerable) while another had low immobility (resilient). No significant differences were found in the Nurr1, IL-1\u03b2 and BDNF mRNA levels between resilient and vulnerable rats at different recovery times except for Nr3c1 (gene for GR). However, exposure to stress caused significantly higher levels of GR, Nurr1 and IL-1\u03b2 proteins of vulnerable compared to resilient rats. This variability of behavioral phenotypes is associated with a differential molecular response to stress that involves GR, Nurr1, and IL-1\u03b2 as mediators in coping with stress. This contributes to identifying biomarkers of susceptibility to stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"12700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Variability in Behavioral Phenotypes after Forced Swimming-Induced Stress in Rats Is Associated with Expression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor, Nurr1, and IL-1\u03b2 in the Hippocampus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8184-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ruiz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, SS, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City C.P. 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arely M.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, SS, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City C.P. 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Ruiz-Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatry Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, SS, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City C.P. 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minerva","family":"Calvillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, SS, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City C.P. 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1415-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo A.","family":"Res\u00e9ndiz-Albor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Research and Graduate Section, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis Esq. Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Anguiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Quer\u00e9taro C.P. 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9079-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, SS, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City C.P. 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.04.011","article-title":"Neurobiology of resilience: Interface between mind and body","volume":"86","author":"Cathomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00163","article-title":"Epigenetics underlying susceptibility and resilience relating to daily life stress, work stress, and socioeconomic status","volume":"11","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"6503162","article-title":"Coping with the forced swim stressor: Towards understanding an adaptive mechanism","volume":"2016","author":"Molendijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural. 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