{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:42Z","timestamp":1787028462684,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helmholtz International Graduate School","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]},{"name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner Fresenius Foundation","award":["2019_EKMS.49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019_EKMS.49"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite extensive preclinical research on immunotherapeutic approaches, malignant glioma remains a devastating disease of the central nervous system for which standard of care treatment is still confined to resection and radiochemotherapy. For peripheral solid tumors, immune checkpoint inhibition has shown substantial clinical benefit, while promising preclinical results have yet failed to translate into clinical efficacy for brain tumor patients. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, tumor antigens and corresponding T cell receptors (TCR) and antibodies have been identified, leading to the development of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), which are comprised of an extracellular antibody part and an intracellular T cell receptor signaling part, to genetically engineer T cells for antigen recognition. Due to efficacy in other tumor entities, a plethora of CARs has been designed and tested for glioma, with promising signs of biological activity. In this review, we describe glioma antigens that have been targeted using CAR T cells preclinically and clinically, review their drawbacks and benefits, and illustrate how the emerging field of transgenic TCR therapy can be used as a potent alternative for cell therapy of glioma overcoming antigenic limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:28Z","timestamp":1638314548000},"page":"12810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Genetically Modified Cellular Therapies for Malignant Gliomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Kilian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DKTK (German Cancer Consortium), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Bunse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DKTK (German Cancer Consortium), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Wick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"DKTK CCU Neurooncology, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4746-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Platten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DKTK (German Cancer Consortium), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Immune Monitoring Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute of Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Bunse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DKTK (German Cancer Consortium), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14642-0","article-title":"Heterogeneity of response to immune checkpoint blockade in hypermutated experimental gliomas","volume":"11","author":"Aslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0151","article-title":"Glioblastoma Eradication Following Immune Checkpoint Blockade in an Orthotopic, Immunocompetent Model","volume":"4","author":"Reardon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.1024","article-title":"Effect of Nivolumab vs Bevacizumab in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma: The CheckMate 143 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Reardon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii21","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox036.071","article-title":"OS10.3 Randomized Phase 3 Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab vs Bevacizumab in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma: CheckMate 143","volume":"19","author":"Reardon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-017-0492-y","article-title":"Clinical Trials Investigating Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Glioblastoma","volume":"18","author":"Maxwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0337-7","article-title":"Neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 immunotherapy promotes a survival benefit with intratumoral and systemic immune responses in recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Cloughesy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0339-5","article-title":"Neoadjuvant nivolumab modifies the tumor immune microenvironment in resectable glioblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Schalper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0349-y","article-title":"Immune and genomic correlates of response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in glioblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198704093161501","article-title":"A progress report on the treatment of 157 patients with advanced cancer using lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 or high-dose interleukin-2 alone","volume":"316","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812223192527","article-title":"Use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin-2 in the immunotherapy of patients with metastatic melanoma. A preliminary report","volume":"319","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1988.6.5.839","article-title":"Immunotherapy of patients with advanced cancer using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and recombinant interleukin-2: A pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Topalian","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e3181b2910f","article-title":"Intralesional lymphokine-activated killer cells as adjuvant therapy for primary glioblastoma","volume":"32","author":"Dillman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-200409000-00009","article-title":"Intracavitary placement of autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells after resection of recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"27","author":"Dillman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000223","article-title":"Outcomes of Adoptive Cell Transfer with Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes for Metastatic Melanoma Patients with and Without Brain Metastases","volume":"41","author":"Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1252894","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1252894","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from patients with glioma","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.13.41","article-title":"An update on vaccine therapy and other immunotherapeutic approaches for glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Reardon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v29.i1.10","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic approaches for glioma","volume":"29","author":"Okada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00189-2","article-title":"Navigating CAR-T cells through the solid-tumour microenvironment","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6711","article-title":"CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"359","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"481","article-title":"Receptor for interleukin 13 is abundantly and specifically over-expressed in patients with glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"15","author":"Debinski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Interleukin-13 receptor \u03b1 chain: A novel tumor-associated transmembrane protein in primary explants of human malignant gliomas","volume":"60","author":"Joshi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Human glioma cells overexpress receptors for interleukin 13 and are extremely sensitive to a novel chimeric protein composed of interleukin 13 and pseudomonas exotoxin","volume":"1","author":"Debinski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2014.02.012","article-title":"T cells redirected to interleukin-13Ralpha2 with interleukin-13 mutein-chimeric antigen receptors have anti-glioma activity but also recognize interleukin-13Ralpha1","volume":"16","author":"Krebs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0598-449","article-title":"Novel anti-brain tumor cytotoxins specific for cancer cells","volume":"16","author":"Debinski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou045","article-title":"Significance of interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2-targeted glioblastoma therapy","volume":"16","author":"Thaci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9160","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0454","article-title":"Specific recognition and killing of glioblastoma multiforme by interleukin 13-zetakine redirected cytolytic T cells","volume":"64","author":"Kahlon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.10.002","article-title":"Optimization of IL13Ralpha2-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Improved Anti-tumor Efficacy against Glioblastoma","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0376","article-title":"Transgenic Expression of IL15 Improves Antiglioma Activity of IL13Ralpha2-CAR T Cells but Results in Antigen Loss Variants","volume":"5","author":"Krenciute","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0428","article-title":"Bioactivity and Safety of IL13Ralpha2-Redirected Chimeric Antigen Receptor CD8+ T Cells in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610497","article-title":"Regression of Glioblastoma after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy","volume":"375","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1322","article-title":"HER2-specific T cells target primary glioblastoma stem cells and induce regression of autologous experimental tumors","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-3504","article-title":"HER-2, gp100, and MAGE-1 are expressed in human glioblastoma and recognized by cytotoxic T cells","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.647","article-title":"Highly efficient redirected anti-tumor activity of human lymphocytes transduced with a completely human chimeric immune receptor","volume":"7","author":"Turatti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gene Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toth, G., Szollosi, J., Abken, H., Vereb, G., and Szoor, A. (2020). A Small Number of HER2 Redirected CAR T Cells Significantly Improves Immune Response of Adoptively Transferred Mouse Lymphocytes against Human Breast Cancer Xenografts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031039"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6577","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.11.6577","article-title":"Targeting of T lymphocytes to Neu\/HER2-expressing cells using chimeric single chain Fv receptors","volume":"151","author":"Stancovski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2008.5","article-title":"Genetically engineered T cells expressing a HER2-specific chimeric receptor mediate antigen-specific tumor regression","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.06.032","article-title":"Clinical, histopathologic, and molecular markers of prognosis: Toward a new disease risk stratification system for medulloblastoma","volume":"22","author":"Gajjar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv375","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv375","article-title":"ErbB2\/HER2-Specific NK Cells for Targeted Therapy of Glioblastoma","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.24","article-title":"Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing ERBB2","volume":"18","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17175-8","article-title":"Tumor response and endogenous immune reactivity after administration of HER2 CAR T cells in a child with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma","volume":"11","author":"Hegde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.0225","article-title":"Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) -Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells for the Immunotherapy of HER2-Positive Sarcoma","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.0184","article-title":"HER2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified Virus-Specific T Cells for Progressive Glioblastoma: A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Trial","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01404-8","article-title":"Locoregional infusion of HER2-specific CAR T cells in children and young adults with recurrent or refractory CNS tumors: An interim analysis","volume":"27","author":"Vitanza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2313","article-title":"Functional characterization of an EGF receptor with a truncated extracellular domain expressed in glioblastomas with EGFR gene amplification","volume":"9","author":"Ekstrand","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"4130","article-title":"Cell surface localization and density of the tumor-associated variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFRvIII","volume":"57","author":"Wikstrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-1737","article-title":"Prognostic effect of epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma multiforme patients","volume":"11","author":"Heimberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"4247","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor VIII peptide vaccination is efficacious against established intracerebral tumors","volume":"9","author":"Heimberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"158","article-title":"Dendritic cells pulsed with a tumor-specific peptide induce long-lasting immunity and are effective against murine intracerebral melanoma","volume":"50","author":"Heimberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2009.00318.x","article-title":"EGFRvIII-targeted vaccination therapy of malignant glioma","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2012.041","article-title":"Recognition of glioma stem cells by genetically modified T cells targeting EGFRvIII and development of adoptive cell therapy for glioma","volume":"23","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0709","article-title":"EGFRvIII mCAR-modified T-cell therapy cures mice with established intracerebral glioma and generates host immunity against tumor-antigen loss","volume":"20","author":"Sampson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-1426-1-21","article-title":"Expression of miR-17-92 enhances anti-tumor activity of T-cells transduced with the anti-EGFRvIII chimeric antigen receptor in mice bearing human GBM xenografts","volume":"1","author":"Ohno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7080","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27389","article-title":"EGFR806-CAR T cells selectively target a tumor-restricted EGFR epitope in glioblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Ravanpay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaa0984","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa0984","article-title":"A single dose of peripherally infused EGFRvIII-directed CAR T cells mediates antigen loss and induces adaptive resistance in patients with recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"9","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275ra222","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa4963","article-title":"Rational development and characterization of humanized anti-EGFR variant III chimeric antigen receptor T cells for glioblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30517-X","article-title":"Rindopepimut with temozolomide for patients with newly diagnosed, EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma (ACT IV): A randomised, double-blind, international phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Weller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24884","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4670","article-title":"A novel anti-GD2\/4-1BB chimeric antigen receptor triggers neuroblastoma cell killing","volume":"6","author":"Prapa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0006-x","article-title":"Potent antitumor efficacy of anti-GD2 CAR T cells in H3-K27M(+) diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"24","author":"Mount","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT031","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2021-CT031","article-title":"Abstract CT031: GD2 CAR T cells mediate clinical activity and manageable toxicity in children and young adults with DIPG and H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"81","author":"Majzner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"4871","article-title":"Use of chlorotoxin for targeting of primary brain tumors","volume":"58","author":"Soroceanu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10083","article-title":"Chlorotoxin, a scorpion-derived peptide, specifically binds to gliomas and tumors of neuroectodermal origin","volume":"39","author":"Lyons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw2672","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw2672","article-title":"Chlorotoxin-directed CAR T cells for specific and effective targeting of glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13942","article-title":"Roles of EphA1\/A2 and ephrin-A1 in cancer","volume":"110","author":"Ieguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/35000008","article-title":"Activation of EphA2 kinase suppresses integrin function and causes focal-adhesion-kinase dephosphorylation","volume":"2","author":"Miao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rs13","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2003624","article-title":"Simultaneous profiling of 194 distinct receptor transcripts in human cells","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"151","article-title":"Increased expression of EphA2 correlates with adverse outcome in primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme patients","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.210","article-title":"T cells redirected to EphA2 for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma","volume":"21","author":"Chow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2018.01.009","article-title":"Optimizing EphA2-CAR T Cells for the Adoptive Immunotherapy of Glioma","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0827-2","article-title":"Locoregional delivery of CAR T cells to the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of metastatic medulloblastoma and ependymoma","volume":"26","author":"Donovan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.191","article-title":"Proapoptotic peptide-mediated cancer therapy targeted to cell surface p32","volume":"21","author":"Agemy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23817-2","article-title":"P32-specific CAR T cells with dual antitumor and antiangiogenic therapeutic potential in gliomas","volume":"12","author":"Mastandrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"5821","article-title":"Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors","volume":"63","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.04.008","article-title":"The Rational Development of CD133-Targeting Immunotherapies for Glioblastoma","volume":"26","author":"Vora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.26.14720","article-title":"Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells","volume":"97","author":"Uchida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5324","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-3147","article-title":"Pyrvinium Targets CD133 in Human Glioblastoma Brain Tumor-Initiating Cells","volume":"21","author":"Venugopal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05372","article-title":"A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice","volume":"445","author":"Pollett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not066","article-title":"The expression status of CD133 is associated with the pattern and timing of primary glioblastoma recurrence","volume":"15","author":"Shibahara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao2731","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao2731","article-title":"Constitutive and TNFalpha-inducible expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 in glioblastoma and neurospheres: Implications for CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"10","author":"Pellegatta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.030","article-title":"B7-H3-redirected chimeric antigen receptor T cells target glioblastoma and neurospheres","volume":"47","author":"Nehama","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.07.002","article-title":"B7-H3 as a Novel CAR-T Therapeutic Target for Glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7622","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43991","article-title":"Tandem CAR-T cells targeting CD70 and B7-H3 exhibit potent preclinical activity against multiple solid tumors","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.022","article-title":"Single-Cell Analyses Identify Brain Mural Cells Expressing CD19 as Potential Off-Tumor Targets for CAR-T Immunotherapies","volume":"183","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1057-4","article-title":"Next generation chimeric antigen receptor T cells: Safety strategies to overcome toxicity","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2016.116","article-title":"CD123-Engager T Cells as a Novel Immunotherapeutic for Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"24","author":"Bonifant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.011","article-title":"Precision Tumor Recognition by T Cells with Combinatorial Antigen-Sensing Circuits","volume":"164","author":"Roybal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe7378","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe7378","article-title":"SynNotch-CAR T cells overcome challenges of specificity, heterogeneity, and persistence in treating glioblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Choe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-20-0227","article-title":"Determinants of response and mechanisms of resistance of CAR T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma","volume":"2","author":"Themeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M.K., Park, B.B., and Uhm, J.E. (2019). Resistance Mechanisms to CAR T-Cell Therapy and Overcoming Strategy in B-Cell Hematologic Malignancies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205010"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"372","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to CAR T cell therapy","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01237","article-title":"Understanding the Mechanisms of Resistance to CAR T-Cell Therapy in Malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12773","article-title":"CAR T cells for brain tumors: Lessons learned and road ahead","volume":"290","author":"Akhavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20599-x","article-title":"Intratumoral IL-12 delivery empowers CAR-T cell immunotherapy in a pre-clinical model of glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Agliardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1811","article-title":"Eradication of Neuroblastoma by T Cells Redirected with an Optimized GD2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor and Interleukin-15","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1434464","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1434464","article-title":"Temozolomide lymphodepletion enhances CAR abundance and correlates with antitumor efficacy against established glioblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Suryadevara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.185","article-title":"Combinational targeting offsets antigen escape and enhances effector functions of adoptively transferred T cells in glioblastoma","volume":"21","author":"Hegde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1119354","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1119354","article-title":"Dual targeting of glioblastoma with chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells overcomes heterogeneity of target antigen expression and enhances antitumor activity and survival","volume":"5","author":"Genssler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox182","article-title":"Trivalent CAR T cells overcome interpatient antigenic variability in glioblastoma","volume":"20","author":"Bielamowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3904","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-124684","article-title":"Azacytidine Sensitizes AML Cells for Effective Elimination by CD123 CAR T-Cells","volume":"134","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-016-1868-8","article-title":"DNA methyltransferase inhibition increases efficacy of adoptive cellular immunotherapy of murine breast cancer","volume":"65","author":"Terracina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20696-x","article-title":"Low-Dose decitabine priming endows CAR T cells with enhanced and persistent antitumour potential via epigenetic reprogramming","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01787","article-title":"Decitabine-Mediated Epigenetic Reprograming Enhances Anti-leukemia Efficacy of CD123-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-2041","article-title":"Regional Delivery of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered T Cells Effectively Targets HER2(+) Breast Cancer Metastasis to the Brain","volume":"24","author":"Priceman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0432","article-title":"CAR T Cells Targeting B7-H3, a Pan-Cancer Antigen, Demonstrate Potent Preclinical Activity Against Pediatric Solid Tumors and Brain Tumors","volume":"25","author":"Majzner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.01.002","article-title":"Antitumor Responses in the Absence of Toxicity in Solid Tumors by Targeting B7-H3 via Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells","volume":"35","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2021-59","article-title":"Abstract 59: CAR T cell therapy reshapes the tumor microenvironment to promote host antitumor immune repsonses in glioblastoma","volume":"81","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.5.6.793","article-title":"Glioma-Specific antigens for immune tumor therapy","volume":"5","author":"Skog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"527","article-title":"The human melanoma antigen-encoding gene, MAGE-1, is expressed by other tumour cells of neuroectodermal origin such as glioblastomas and neuroblastomas","volume":"54","author":"Rimoldi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19991210)83:6<760::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Expression of the tumor-rejection antigen SART1 in brain tumors","volume":"83","author":"Imaizumi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129003","article-title":"Cancer regression in patients after transfer of genetically engineered lymphocytes","volume":"314","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4967","article-title":"Adoptive cell transfer as personalized immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"348","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-019-0070-9","article-title":"Genetically engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-211714","article-title":"Gene therapy with human and mouse T-cell receptors mediates cancer regression and targets normal tissues expressing cognate antigen","volume":"114","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.272","article-title":"T cells targeting carcinoembryonic antigen can mediate regression of metastatic colorectal cancer but induce severe transient colitis","volume":"19","author":"Parkhurst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.2537","article-title":"Tumor regression in patients with metastatic synovial cell sarcoma and melanoma using genetically engineered lymphocytes reactive with NY-ESO-1","volume":"29","author":"Robbins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-03-490565","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicity and titin cross-reactivity of affinity-enhanced T cells in myeloma and melanoma","volume":"122","author":"Linette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235122","article-title":"Cancer genome landscapes","volume":"339","author":"Vogelstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0224-7","article-title":"Brain immunology and immunotherapy in brain tumours","volume":"20","author":"Sampson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12477","article-title":"Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer","volume":"500","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0810-y","article-title":"Actively personalized vaccination trial for newly diagnosed glioblastoma","volume":"565","author":"Hilf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0792-9","article-title":"Neoantigen vaccine generates intratumoral T cell responses in phase Ib glioblastoma trial","volume":"565","author":"Keskin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilian, M., Friedrich, M., Sanghvi, K., Green, E., Pusch, S., Kawauchi, D., L\u00f6wer, M., Sonner, J.K., Kr\u00e4mer, C., and Zaman, J. (2021). T cell receptor therapy targeting mutant capicua transcriptional repressor in experimental gliomas. Clin. Cancer Res.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1881"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03363-z","article-title":"A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 in newly diagnosed glioma","volume":"592","author":"Platten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0095-6","article-title":"Suppression of antitumor T cell immunity by the oncometabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate","volume":"24","author":"Bunse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"593","article-title":"Proximity ligation assay evaluates IDH1R132H presentation in gliomas","volume":"125","author":"Bunse","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1328340","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1328340","article-title":"K27M-mutant histone-3 as a novel target for glioma immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Ochs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e974392","DOI":"10.4161\/2162402X.2014.974392","article-title":"Mutant IDH1: An immunotherapeutic target in tumors","volume":"3","author":"Schumacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-014-0180-0","article-title":"Effective immuno-targeting of the IDH1 mutation R132H in a murine model of intracranial glioma","volume":"3","author":"Pellegatta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-0083","article-title":"Oncogenic isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations: Mechanisms, models, and clinical opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Cairns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.08.024","article-title":"Hotspot mutations in H3F3A and IDH1 define distinct epigenetic and biological subgroups of glioblastoma","volume":"22","author":"Sturm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10833","article-title":"Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma","volume":"482","author":"Schwartzentruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1102","article-title":"Somatic histone H3 alterations in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas and non-brainstem glioblastomas","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.10.006","article-title":"Reduced H3K27me3 and DNA hypomethylation are major drivers of gene expression in K27M mutant pediatric high-grade gliomas","volume":"24","author":"Bender","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.007","article-title":"Interrogation of the Microenvironmental Landscape in Brain Tumors Reveals Disease-Specific Alterations of Immune Cells","volume":"181","author":"Klemm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.055","article-title":"Single-Cell Mapping of Human Brain Cancer Reveals Tumor-Specific Instruction of Tissue-Invading Leukocytes","volume":"181","author":"Friebel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00201-z","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism drives dynamic immunosuppressive myeloid states in IDH-mutant gliomas","volume":"2","author":"Friedrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139542","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139542","article-title":"Inhibition of 2-hydroxyglutarate elicits metabolic reprogramming and mutant IDH1 glioma immunity in mice","volume":"131","author":"Kadiyala","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90644","article-title":"Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations suppress STAT1 and CD8+ T cell accumulation in gliomas","volume":"127","author":"Kohanbash","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig, N., Rao, A., Sandlesh, P., Yerneni, S.S., Swain, A.D., Bullock, K.M., Hansen, K.M., Zhang, X., Jaman, E., and Allen, J. (2021). Characterization of systemic immunosuppression by IDH mutant glioma small extracellular vesicles. Neuro Oncol.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab153"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171046","article-title":"Novel and shared neoantigen derived from histone 3 variant H3.3K27M mutation for glioma T cell therapy","volume":"215","author":"Chheda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2019.10.010","article-title":"TCR validation toward gene therapy for cancer","volume":"629","author":"Green","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2019.10.009","article-title":"High-throughput discovery of cancer-targeting TCRs","volume":"629","author":"Bunse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz044","article-title":"The landscape of the mesenchymal signature in brain tumours","volume":"142","author":"Behnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","article-title":"Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels","volume":"523","author":"Louveau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0227-9","article-title":"CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature","volume":"21","author":"Louveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav8692","article-title":"Enhanced CAR-T cell activity against solid tumors by vaccine boosting through the chimeric receptor","volume":"365","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/23\/12810\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:36:25Z","timestamp":1760168185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/23\/12810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222312810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222312810","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]}}}