{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:51:48Z","timestamp":1791067908587,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2662019PY006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662019PY006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFD0900205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0900205"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M662747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M662747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tachykinin 4 (TAC4) is the latest member of the tachykinin family involved in several physiological functions in mammals. However, little information is available about TAC4 in teleost. In the present study, we firstly isolated TAC4 and six neurokinin receptors (NKRs) from grass carp brain and pituitary. Sequence analysis showed that grass carp TAC4 could encode two mature peptides (namely hemokinin 1 (HK1) and hemokinin 2 (HK2)), in which HK2 retained the typical FXGLM motif in C-terminal of tachyinin, while HK1 contained a mutant VFGLM motif. The ligand-receptor selectivity showed that HK2 could activate all 6 NKRs but with the highest activity for the neurokinin receptor 2 (NK2R). Interestingly, HK1 displayed a very weak activation for each NKR isoform. In grass carp pituitary cells, HK2 could induce prolactin (PRL), somatolactin \u03b1 (SL\u03b1), urotensin 1 (UTS1), neuromedin-B 1 (NMB1), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript 2 (CART2) mRNA expression mediated by NK2R and neurokinin receptor 3 (NK3R) via activation cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)\/protein kinase A (PKA), phospholipase C (PLC)\/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)\/protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium2+ (Ca2+)\/calmodulin (CaM)\/calmodulin kinase-II (CaMK II) cascades. However, the corresponding stimulatory effects triggered by HK1 were found to be notably weaker. Furthermore, based on the structural base for HK1, our data suggested that a phenylalanine (F) to valine (V) substitution in the signature motif of HK1 might have contributed to its weak agonistic actions on NKRs and pituitary genes regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:28Z","timestamp":1638314548000},"page":"12893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Novel Pituitary Actions of TAC4 Gene Products in Teleost"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xuetao","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangfeng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanhui","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3000-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangfu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E76","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108903108","article-title":"An antinoci-ceptive role for substance P in acid-induced chronic muscle pain","volume":"109","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. 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