{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:42:03Z","timestamp":1790847723653,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15DA045256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15DA045256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drosophila\u2019s white gene encodes an ATP-binding cassette G-subfamily (ABCG) half-transporter. White is closely related to mammalian ABCG family members that function in cholesterol efflux. Mutants of white have several behavioral phenotypes that are independent of visual defects. This study characterizes a novel defect of white mutants in the acquisition of olfactory memory using the aversive olfactory conditioning paradigm. The w1118 mutants learned slower than wildtype controls, yet with additional training, they reached wildtype levels of performance. The w1118 learning phenotype is also found in the wapricot and wcoral alleles, is dominant, and is rescued by genomic white and mini-white transgenes. Reducing dietary cholesterol strongly impaired olfactory learning for wildtype controls, while w1118 mutants were resistant to this deficit. The w1118 mutants displayed higher levels of cholesterol and cholesterol esters than wildtype under this low-cholesterol diet. Increasing levels of serotonin, dopamine, or both in the white mutants significantly improved w1118 learning. However, serotonin levels were not lower in the heads of the w1118 mutants than in wildtype controls. There were also no significant differences found in synapse numbers within the w1118 brain. We propose that the w1118 learning defect may be due to inefficient biogenic amine signaling brought about by altered cholesterol homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T22:01:11Z","timestamp":1638309671000},"page":"12967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Mutants of the white ABCG Transporter in Drosophila melanogaster Have Deficient Olfactory Learning and Cholesterol Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Myers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77096, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Narwold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Dauwalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77096, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1519-4699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregg","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1126\/science.32.812.120","article-title":"Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila","volume":"32","author":"Morgan","year":"1910","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/1.1.1","article-title":"Non-disjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity","volume":"1","author":"Bridges","year":"1916","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.66.1699.84","article-title":"Artificial Transmutation of the Gene","volume":"66","author":"Muller","year":"1927","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6341","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/11.18.6341","article-title":"Vectors for P element-mediated gene transfer in Drosophila","volume":"11","author":"Rubin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118.2.401","article-title":"Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes","volume":"118","author":"Brand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982936","article-title":"The optomotor responses of some eye mutants of Drosophila","volume":"45","author":"Kalmus","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. 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