{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:43:53Z","timestamp":1792287833130,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012725","name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10800.21-P."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10800.21-P."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are among the main atmospheric pollutants; therefore, it is important to monitor and detect their presence in the atmosphere. To this end, low-dimensional carbon structures have been widely used as NOx sensors for their outstanding properties. In particular, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used as toxic-gas sensors owing to their high specific surface area and excellent mechanical properties. Although pristine CNTs have shown promising performance for NOx detection, several strategies have been developed such as surface functionalization and defect engineering to improve the NOx sensing of pristine CNT-based sensors. Through these strategies, the sensing properties of modified CNTs toward NOx gases have been substantially improved. Therefore, in this review, we have analyzed the defect engineering and surface functionalization strategies used in the last decade to modify the sensitivity and the selectivity of CNTs to NOx. First, the different types of surface functionalization and defect engineering were reviewed. Thereafter, we analyzed experimental, theoretical, and coupled experimental\u2013theoretical studies on CNTs modified through surface functionalization and defect engineering to improve the sensitivity and selectivity to NOx. Finally, we presented the conclusions and the future directions of modified CNTs as NOx sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T22:01:11Z","timestamp":1638309671000},"page":"12968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Role of Defect Engineering and Surface Functionalization in the Design of Carbon Nanotube-Based Nitrogen Oxide Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Madrigal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Superior de Ciudad Hidalgo, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Av. Ing. Carlos Rojas Guti\u00e9rrez 2120, Fracc. Valle de la Herradura, Ciudad Hidalgo 61100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Montejo-Alvaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Del Valle de Etla, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Abasolo S\/N, Barrio Del Agua Buena, Santiago Suchilquitongo, Oaxaca 68230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia S.","family":"Cernas-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico del Istmo, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Panamericana 821, 2da., Juchit\u00e1n de Zaragoza, Oaxaca 70000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2856-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Rojas-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tl\u00e1huac II, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Camino Real 625, Tl\u00e1huac, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 13508, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2495-1719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Rom\u00e1n-Doval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Del Valle de Etla, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Abasolo S\/N, Barrio Del Agua Buena, Santiago Suchilquitongo, Oaxaca 68230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8967-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heriberto","family":"Cruz-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Del Valle de Etla, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Abasolo S\/N, Barrio Del Agua Buena, Santiago Suchilquitongo, Oaxaca 68230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5325-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora I.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Atizapan de Zaragoza 52926, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110800","article-title":"Carbon allotrope hybrids advance thermoelectric development and applications","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. 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