{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:44:24Z","timestamp":1782279864330,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP17K09721, JP19K10098, JP20K10225, and 21K08242."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17K09721, JP19K10098, JP20K10225, and 21K08242."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has been considered to have a relationship with infection in the tonsil, because IgAN patients often manifest macro hematuria just after tonsillitis. In terms of oral-area infection, the red complex of periodontal bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Treponema denticol (T. denticola) and Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia)) is important, but the relationship between these bacteria and IgAN remains unknown. In this study, the prevalence of the red complex of periodontal bacteria in tonsil was compared between IgAN and tonsillitis patients. The pathogenicity of IgAN induced by P. gingivalis was confirmed by the mice model treated with this bacterium. The prevalence of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia in IgAN patients was significantly higher than that in tonsillitis patients (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). A total of 92% of tonsillitis patients were free from red complex bacteria, while only 48% of IgAN patients had any of these bacteria. Nasal administration of P. gingivalis in mice caused mesangial proliferation (p &lt; 0.05 at days 28a nd 42; p &lt; 0.01 at days 14 and 56) and IgA deposition (p &lt; 0.001 at day 42 and 56 after administration). Scanning-electron-microscopic observation revealed that a high-density Electron-Dense Deposit was widely distributed in the mesangial region in the mice kidneys treated with P. gingivalis. These findings suggest that P. gingivalis is involved in the pathogenesis of IgAN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T02:40:02Z","timestamp":1638412802000},"page":"13022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Relationship between IgA Nephropathy and Porphyromonas gingivalis; Red Complex of Periodontopathic Bacterial Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Nagasawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0476-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taro","family":"Misaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka 430-8558, Hamamatsu, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Seirei Christopher University, Shizuoka 433-8558, Hamamatsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seigo","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Japan Self-Defense Gifu Hospital, Gifu 502-0817, Kakamigahara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Naka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoruko","family":"Wato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieko","family":"Okunaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Meiwa Hospital, Nishinomiya 663-8186, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiko","family":"Watabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Meiwa Hospital, Nishinomiya 663-8186, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuya","family":"Fushimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Meiwa Hospital, Nishinomiya 663-8186, Hyogo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenzo","family":"Tsuzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiyo","family":"Matsumoto-Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000292","article-title":"Is IgA nephropathy the commonest primary glomerulopathy among young adults in the USA?","volume":"69","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1206793","article-title":"IgA Nephropathy","volume":"368","author":"Wyatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. 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