{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T13:30:16Z","timestamp":1764250216351,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008409","name":"Ministerio de Fomento","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-104148GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104148GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT1045-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT1045-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The parasite species of genus Plasmodium causes Malaria, which remains a major global health problem due to parasite resistance to available Antimalarial drugs and increasing treatment costs. Consequently, computational prediction of new Antimalarial compounds with novel targets in the proteome of Plasmodium sp. is a very important goal for the pharmaceutical industry. We can expect that the success of the pre-clinical assay depends on the conditions of assay per se, the chemical structure of the drug, the structure of the target protein to be targeted, as well as on factors governing the expression of this protein in the proteome such as genes (Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) sequence and\/or chromosomes structure. However, there are no reports of computational models that consider all these factors simultaneously. Some of the difficulties for this kind of analysis are the dispersion of data in different datasets, the high heterogeneity of data, etc. In this work, we analyzed three databases ChEMBL (Chemical database of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory), UniProt (Universal Protein Resource), and NCBI-GDV (National Center for Biotechnology Information\u2014Genome Data Viewer) to achieve this goal. The ChEMBL dataset contains outcomes for 17,758 unique assays of potential Antimalarial compounds including numeric descriptors (variables) for the structure of compounds as well as a huge amount of information about the conditions of assays. The NCBI-GDV and UniProt datasets include the sequence of genes, proteins, and their functions. In addition, we also created two partitions (cassayj = caj and cdataj = cdj) of categorical variables from theChEMBL dataset. These partitions contain variables that encode information about experimental conditions of preclinical assays (caj) or about the nature and quality of data (cdj). These categorical variables include information about 22 parameters of biological activity (ca0), 28 target proteins (ca1), and 9 organisms of assay (ca2), etc. We also created another partition of (cprotj = cpj) including categorical variables with biological information about the target proteins, genes, and chromosomes. These variables cover32 genes (cp0), 10 chromosomes (cp1), gene orientation (cp2), and 31 protein functions (cp3). We used a Perturbation-Theory Machine Learning Information Fusion (IFPTML) algorithm to map all this information (from three databases) into and train a predictive model. Shannon\u2019s entropy measure Shk (numerical variables) was used to quantify the information about the structure of drugs, protein sequences, gene sequences, and chromosomes in the same information scale. Perturbation Theory Operators (PTOs) with the form of Moving Average (MA) operators have been used to quantify perturbations (deviations) in the structural variables with respect to their expected values for different subsets (partitions) of categorical variables. We obtained three IFPTML models using General Discriminant Analysis (GDA), Classification Tree with Univariate Splits (CTUS), and Classification Tree with Linear Combinations (CTLC). The IFPTML-CTLC presented the better performance with Sensitivity Sn(%) = 83.6\/85.1, and Specificity Sp(%) = 89.8\/89.7 for training\/validation sets, respectively. This model could become a useful tool for the optimization of preclinical assays of new Antimalarial compounds vs. different proteins in the proteome of Plasmodium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T21:19:08Z","timestamp":1638479948000},"page":"13066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["IFPTML Mapping of Drug Graphs with Protein and Chromosome Structural Networks vs. Pre-Clinical Assay Information for Discovery of Antimalarial Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8278-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Quevedo-Tumailli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo RNASA-IMEDIR, Department of Computer Science, University of A Coru\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Research Department, Puyo Campus, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica, Puyo 160150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9693-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernabe","family":"Ortega-Tenezaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo RNASA-IMEDIR, Department of Computer Science, University of A Coru\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Information and Communications Technology Management Department, Puyo Campus, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica, Puyo 160150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9392-2797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"BIOFISIKA, Basque Centre for Biophysics, CSIC-UPV\/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33080-5","article-title":"The global fight against malaria is at crossroads","volume":"390","author":"Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0380775","article-title":"Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum and its apicoplast","volume":"38","author":"Kalanon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. 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